Table Of ContentSpringer Japan KK
T. Okuda, N. Manokaran,
Y. Matsumoto, K. Niiyama,
S.C. Thomas, P.S. Ashton
(Eds.)
Pasoh
Ecology of
a Lowland Rain Forest
in Southeast Asia
With 179 Figures
i
Springer
Toshinori Okuda, Ph.D.
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
N. Manokaran, Ph.D.
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
Present address: No.4, Jalan SS 22/29, Damansara Jaya
47400 Petaling Jaya Selangor, Malaysia
Yoosuke Matsumoto, Ph.D.
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)
1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
Kaoru Niiyama, Ph.D.
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)
1 Matsunosato,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
Sean C. Thomas, Ph.D.
Faculty ofForestry, University ofToronto
33 WiIlcocks St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
Peter S. Ashton, Ph.D.
Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A.
Cover: Young fruits of Dipterocarpus sublamellatus
Photo credit: Shinya Numata
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.
Printed on acid-rree paper
ISBN 978-4-431-67010-0 ISBN 978-4-431-67008-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-67008-7
© Springer Japan 2003
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Tokyo in 2003.
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Editorial Board
Book Editors:
Okuda, Toshinori National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan
Manokaran, N. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia
Matsumoto, Yoosuke Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Japan
Niiyama, Kaoru FFPRI, Japan
Thomas, Sean C. University of Toronto, Canada
Ashton, Peter S. Harvard University, USA
Assistant Editors:
Hirota, Makiko NIES, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
Kawarasaki, Satoko Ibaraki University, Japan
Soo, Woon Kuen NIES, Japan
Reviewers:
Adachi, Naoki NIES, Japan
Appanah, Simmithiri FRlM, Malaysia
Ashton, Peter S. Harvard University, USA
Elourard, CIaire University C. Bernard Lyon I, France
FiaIa, Brigitte University ofWürzburg, Germany
Fukuyama, KeItii FFPRI, Japan
Hattori, Tsutomu FFPRI, Japan
Holloway, Jeremy D. The Natural History Museum, UK
Intachat, Jurie FRlM, Malaysia
Kawahara, Takayuki FFPRI, Japan
Lim, Boo Liat Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Malaysia
Maeto, Kaoru Kobe University, Japan
Malseh, Annete, K. F. University of Bielefeld, Germany
Manokaran, N. FRIM, Malaysia
Mansor, Mazalina FRlM, Malaysia
Masumoto, Toshiya University ofTokyo, Japan
Matsumoto, Yoosuke FFPRI, Japan
Miura, Singo FFPRI, Japan
Moog, Joachirn Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Germany
Morisada, Kazuhito FFPRI, Japan
Niiyama, Kaoru FFPRI, Japan
Nik, Abudul Rahim FRlM, Malaysia
Numata, Shinya NIES, Japan
Okuda, Toshinori NIES, Japan
Osawa, Naoya Kyoto University, Japan
Sato, Toshiyuki Shinsyu University, Japan
Suzuki, Waziro FFPRI, Japan
Takahashi, Masamichi FFPRI, Japan
Takamura, Kenzi NIES, Japan
Tang, Yanhong NIES, Japan
Tange, Takeshi University ofTokyo, Japan
Tani, Makoto Kyoto University, Japan
Thomas, Sean C. University ofToronto, Canada
Tsubaki, Yoshitaka NIES, Japan
Tsumura, Yoshihiko FFPRI, Japan
Yamada, Toshihiro Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Japan
Yasuda, Masatoshi FFPRI, Japan
Yoshimaru, Hiroshi FFPRI, Japan
Foreword
The Pasoh Forest Reserve (pasoh FR) has been a leading center for international
field research in the Asian tropical forest since the 1970s, when a joint research
project was carried out by Japanese, British and Malaysian research teams with
the cooperation of the University of Malaya (UM) and the Forest Research Institute
(FRI, now the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, FRIM) under the International
Biological Program (IBP). The main objective of the project was to provide basic
information on the primary productivity ofthe tropical rain forest, which was thought
to be the most productive of the world's ecosystems.
After the IBP project, a collaborative program between the University of
Malaya and the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, for post-graduate training
was carried out at Pasoh. Reproductive biology of so me dipterocarp trees featured
in many of the findings arrived at through the program, contributing greatly to
progress in the population genetics of rain forest trees. Since those research
pro grams, apart of the Pasoh forest and its field research station have been managed
by FRIM. In 1984, FRIM started a long-term ecological research program in Pasoh
FR with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) and Harvard University,
establishing a 50-ha plot and enumerating and mapping all trees 1 cm or more in
diameter at breast height. A recensus has been conducted every 5 years. During the
original census, 800 tree species and more than 300,000 individuals were recorded
in the plot. In 1991, the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan;
FRIM and UPM (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, now Universiti Putra Malaysia)
initiated another joint research project. The program (NIES-FRIM-UPM joint
research project) includes the broad fields of ecology, forestry, meteorology and
hydrology with a focus on biodiversity and sustainable management of tropical
rain forests. On the Japanese side, besides NIES, many other research organizations
have been involved in this project: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
(FFPRI), Japan; Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
(JIRCAS); Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST); and Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Also included are a number of
universities in Malaysia (e.g., Universiti Malaya, Universiti Kabangsan Malaysia,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) and in Japan. Besides these programs, a number of
diverse research projects have also been carried out on topics such as mechanisms
for the maintenance of tropical biodiversity, genetic variation in rain forest trees,
viii Foreword
plant-animal interactions, and the role of tropical rain forests as a carbon sink.
Malaysian, European, and American universities and organizations have conducted
the programs.
The primary objective of the present publication is to make this large body
of scientific information available to a wider audience worldwide. I hope that the
information provided in this book will contribute greatly to the protection of
biodiversity and will lead to progress in sustainable management of the tropical
lowland rain fores!.
I would like to congratulate Drs. T. Okuda, N. Manokaran, Y. Matsumoto,
K. Niiyama, S. C. Thomas and P. S. Ashton for their painstaking efforts in bringing
this book to publish, and I thank all scientists and support staff involved in the
research projects in Pasoh FR for their commitment, dedication, and effort.
Dato' Dr. Abdul Razak Mohd. Ali
Director General
Forest Research Institute Malaysia
January 2003
Preface
Tropical rain forests, the most species-rich ecological systems on our planet, have
decreased at an alarming rate over the last few decades. Pasoh Forest Reserve
(Pasoh FR), located in Peninsular Malaysia, is easily the best-studied remnant of
lowland tropical forest in Southeast Asia. More than 1,000 tree species have been
recorded in Pasoh FR. The forest is also world-famous for its bird fauna and is
horne to nearly 500 species of ants. The main objective of this book is to provide
an overview of the ecology and natural history of Pasoh FR as weil as the ecology
of lowland rain forests in Southeast Asia. Secondly, the book aims to provide a
better foundation for sustainable use and management of tropical forest, considering
not only timber resources, but also values relating to the protection of biodiversity,
recreation, socioeconomics and the spirit.
Since the 1970s, a large number of biological research projects have been
carried out at Pasoh FR. The International Biological Program (IBP) began under
the collaboration among Japanese, British and Malaysian research institutes and
universities, and focused mainly on the estimation of primary and secondary
production of the forest. The results of studies conducted und er the IBP program
were published in the Malayan Nature Journal in 1978. Since that time a very
large number of additional studies have built on the foundation of the IBP work,
focusing on such diverse topics as mechanisms for the maintenance of tropical
biodiversity, genetic variation in rain forest trees, plant-animal interactions and
the role of tropical rain forests as a carbon sink. While researchers from more than
a dozen countries have worked at Pasoh FR, a large proportion of the research and
publications have been by Malaysian and Japanese scientists. Also many of the
results of the research at Pasoh FR have not been published in a consolidated form
and hence are not widely known outside of Southeast Asia. The mission of this
book is to make this scientific information available to a wider audience worldwide.
This book comprises six parts: Physical settings and environment (Part I);
Vegetation structure, diversity and dynamics (Part II); Plant population and
functional biology (Part III); Animal ecology and biodiversity (Part IV); Plant
animal interactions (Part V); and Anthropogenie impacts and forest management
(Part VI). Part I includes introductory information on Pasoh FR, and the
c1imatological and physical background ofthe forest, such as topography and soils.
Part II comprises chapters on adaptation and phenological and morphological
x Preface
patterns of some species groups that are predominant in Pasoh FR. Chapters in
Part III focus on the reproduction and regeneration strategies, and the physiological
characteristics of some tree species. Part IV incIudes studies on the ecology of
animals such as birds, mammals, reptiJes, insects and spiders. In Part V are chapters
on insect herbivory on plants, ant-plant interactions and impacts of wild pigs on
vegetation. Part VI covers the topics of regeneration of the tropicallowland rain
forest, logging impacts on wildlife animals, and implications and suggestions for
future studies of sustainable forest management that could be undertaken. The
final section is a list of the references to research undertaken in the Pasoh FR.
We would Iike to express our sincerest appreciation to Dr. Y. Oshima,
Professor Emeritus of Waseda University; Dr. E. Soepadomo and Dr. Abd. Rahim
Nik at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia for their valuable comments on the
contents of this book; and to Messrs J. Kuraoka, K. Iwamoto, Y. Sakurai, R. Abe
and to Drs. K. Yoshida, S. Numata, Y. Tang and Y. Niiyama for technical assistance
that helped to facilitate the editorial process. Our sincerest gratitude also goes to
Dr. A. Furukawa (Nara Women's University) and Dr. Y. Morikawa (Waseda
University) for their great efforts for the initial establishment of the NIES-FRIM
UPM joint research project that contributes greatly to the research output of Pasoh
FR studies, many of which are now presented as chapters in this book. Special
thanks should go to Dr. NaokiAdachi (formerly ofthe Japan Science and Technology
Corporation), Dr. Y. Maruyama (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute),
Dr. N. Osawa (Kyoto University), Dr. S. Ichikawa (Japan Wildlife Research Center),
Mr. T. Sugimoto (CTI Engineering Co. Ltd), Mr. S. M. Wong (FRIM) and Mr. E.
S. Quah (FRIM) for their technical support that greatly facilitated the research
conducted in Pasoh FR. We also would like to thank the National Institute for
Environmental Studies (NIES) and the Forestry and Forest Products Research
Institute (FFPRI) and the Ministry ofEnvironment, Japan, for the financial support
to publish this book.
Editors:
Toshinori Okuda
N. Manokaran
Yoosuke Matsumoto
Kaoru Niiyama
Sean C. Thomas
Peter S. Ashton
Contents
Foreword vü
Preface ix
Color Plates xvü
Part I: Physical Settings and Environment
1 Pasoh Research, Past and Present
Peter S. Ashton, Toshinori Okuda & N Manokaran
2 Logging History and Its Impact on Forest Structure and Species
Composition in the Pasoh Forest Reserve-Implications for the
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Landscapes
Toshinori Okuda, Mariko Suzuki, Naoki Adachi, Keiichiro Yoshida,
Kaoru Niiyama, Nur Supardi Md. Noor, Nor Azman Hussein,
N Manokaran & Mazlan Hashim 15
3 The Trees of Pasoh Forest: Stand Structure and Floristic Composition
of the 50-ha Forest Research Plot
Stuart f. Davies, Nur Supardi Md. Noor, fames V. LaFrankie,
& Peter S. Ashton 35
4 Rainfall Characteristics of Tropical Rainforest at Pasoh Forest Reserve,
Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia
Shoji Noguchi, Abdul Rahim Nik & Makoto Tani . 51
5 Soil Nutrient F1ux in Relation to Trenching Effects under Two
Dipterocarp Forest Sites
Tamon Yamashita & Hiroshi Takeda 59
6 Characteristics of Energy Exchange and Surface Conductance of a
Tropical Rain Forest in Peninsular Malaysia
Makoto Tani, Abdul Rahim Nik, Yoshikazu Ohtani, Yukio Yasuda,
Mohd Md Sahat, Baharuddin Kasran, Satoru Takanashi,
Shoji Noguchi, ZulkiJli Yusop & Tsutomu Watanabe 73
xii Contents
7 Soil and Belowground Characteristics of Pasoh Forest Reserve
Tamon Yamashita, Nobuhiko Kasuya, Wan Rasidah Kadir,
Suhaimi Wan Chik, Quah Eng Seng & Toshinori Okuda 89
Part 11: Vegetation Structure, Diversity and Dynamics
8 Leaf Phenology of Trees in the Pasoh Forest Reserve
Noriyuki Osada, Hiroshi Takeda, Akio Furukawa,
Toshinori Okuda & MuhamadAwang .. 111
9 Eco-Morphological Grouping of Non-Dipterocarp Tree Species in a
Tropical Rain Forest Based on Seed and Fruit Attributes
Mamoru Kanzaki, Yap Song Kheong, Yuka Okauchi,
Katsuhiko Kimura & Takuo Yamakura 123
10 Microhabitat Preference of 1\vo Sympatric Scaphium Species in a
50 ha Plot in Pasoh
Toshihiro Yamada, Toshinori Okuda & N. Manokaran . 137
11 Diversity of Putative Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Pasoh Forest Reserve
Lee Su See, Roy Watling & Evelyn Turnbull ... 149
12 Community Structure ofWood-Decaying Basidiomyeetes in Pasoh
Tsutomu Hattori & Lee Su See . 161
Part 111: Plant Population and Functional Biology
13 Comparative Biology ofTropieal Trees: a Perspeetive from Pasoh
Sean C. Thomas 171
14 Palms of Pasoh
Nur Supardi Md. Noor 195
15 Flowering Predietions Based on 20 Years of Phenologieal Observations
of Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) Ashton
Marzalina Mansor, Jayanthi Nadarajan
&Ang Khoon Cheng 215
16 Leaf Physiologie al Adjustments to Changing Lights:
Partitioning the Heterogeneous Resourees aeross Tree Speeies
Atsushi lshida, Akira Uemura, Naoko Yamashita,
Michiru Shimizu, Takashi Nakano &Ang Lai Hoe 225
