Party Patronage and Party Government in European Democracies

432 Pages·2012·2.01 MB·English

by  Petr Kopecky

PARTY PATRONAGE AND PARTY GOVERNMENT
IN EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
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Party Patronage and Party
Government in European
Democracies
EDITED BY
PETR KOPECKÝ, PETER MAIR,
AND MARIA SPIROVA
1
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Preface
Thisbookhasbeenlongincoming.BackinApril2006,PetrKopeckýandPeter
MairorganizedaworkshopattheJointSessionsoftheEuropeanConsortiumfor
PoliticalResearchinNicosiaentitled‘PoliticalPartiesandPatronage’.Thisbook
is in many ways the outcome of what began at that meeting. The workshop
discussions led to the formulation of our research agenda, selection of cases
among the European democracies, and the recruitment of the core of the con-
tributorstothisvolume.Weareverygratefultoalltwenty-twoparticipantsofthat
workshopfortheircontributionsandstimulatingcomments.
Our approach to understanding and measuring party patronage was initially
developed for a comparative study of party patronage in new democracies. This
pilotstudybeganinJanuary2004andfocusedonfivenewdemocracies:Argen-
tina, Ghana, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and South Africa. The study laid the
basis for the analytical framework taken in this book. It has also led to several
studiespublishedparalleltothisvolume.WewouldliketothankGerardoScherlis
Perelforhiscontributiontodevisingourinitialapproachtothesubject,andforits
brilliantapplicationtothecaseofArgentina.
It is still hard to believe that after collecting data on Bulgaria and the Czech
Republic, we managed to convince thirteen other country teams to apply our
methodologywithoutanymajorchanges,engageinquitedemandingdatacollec-
tion,andwriteexcellentanalysis,allintheperiodofaboutthreeyears.Itdidtake
some organizationaleffortandplanningandthree additional workshopmeetings
in Florence and Leiden. But all this means that we now have a consistent
comparative analysis of party patronage in fifteen democracies. We are very
gratefultothewholeteamofcontributorsfortheirefforts.
Variousinstitutionshavesupportedusfinanciallyalongtheway:aVIDIgrant
(Innovational Research Incentives Scheme) from the Dutch Organization for
Scientific Research (NWO) provided the resources for the original study in the
five new democracies, and the basis for this volume as well; the European
UniversityInstituteprovidedfinancialsupportforoneoftheadditionalmeetings
that we held. The execution of the country studies was financed by additional
grantsacknowledged,whereappropriate,withintheindividualcountrychapters.
Wearealsogratefultoallourcolleagueswhohelpedusorganizetheinterviews
with647expertsinthefifteencountries,andofcoursetotheexpertsthemselves.
None of this would have been possible without the cooperation of this latter
group, who gave us their time and shared their knowledge about patronage
appointmentsintheirrespectivecountries.Wewouldalsoliketoacknowledgethe
insightfulassistanceofseveralresearchmasterstudentsatLeidenUniversity,who
vi Preface
are,bythepublicationofthisbook,alreadyestablishingtheirownacademiccareers:
YvettePeters,EdwardKoning,KristianVossandJoostWaterborg.
Thelastthingisthehardestforustowrite.PeterMair’suntimelydeath,which
occurred shortly after we submitted the volume to the press, deprives us of the
possibility to share the moment of publication withhim.Anybody who has ever
workedwithPeterwillrecognizeinstantlythatthisvolumewouldnothavebeen
the same without his contribution. Without him, the time that we spent on this
projectwouldalsonothavebeenfilledwithsomuchfunandjoy.Wededicatethis
booktohismemory.
PetrKopeckýandMariaSpirova,Leiden,
October2011
Table of Contents
ListofFigures ix
ListofTables xi
ListofAbbreviations xiii
Part1: StudyingPartyPatronage
1. PartyPatronageasanOrganizationalResource 3
Petr Kopecký and Peter Mair
2. MeasuringPartyPatronageThroughStructuredExpert
Interviews 17
Petr Kopecký and Maria Spirova
Part2: PartyPatronageinEurope
3. PartyPatronageinAustria:FromRewardtoControl 31
Oliver Treib
4. ‘ATraditionWeDon’tMessWith’:PartyPatronage
inBulgaria 54
Maria Spirova
5. GiveMeTrafika:PartyPatronageintheCzechRepublic 74
Petr Kopecký
6. PartyPatronageinDenmark:TheMeritStatewithPolitics
‘OntheSide’ 92
Carina S. Bischoff
7. PartyPatronageinGermany:TheStrategicUse
ofAppointments 121
Stefanie John and Thomas Poguntke
8. PartyPatronageinGreece:PoliticalEntrepreneurshipinaParty
PatronageDemocracy 144
Takis S. Pappas and Zina Assimakopoulou
9. PartyPatronageinHungary:CapturingtheState 163
Jan-Hinrik Meyer-Sahling and Krisztina Jáger
viii TableofContents
10. PartyPatronageinIceland:RewardsandControlAppointments 186
Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson
11. PartyPatronageinIreland:ChangingParameters 206
Eoin O’Malley, Stephen Quinlan, and Peter Mair
12. PartyPatronageinItaly:AMatterforSolitaryLeaders 229
Fabrizio Di Mascio
13. PartyPatronageintheNetherlands:SharingAppointments
toMaintainConsensus 250
Sandra van Thiel
14. AppointmentstoPublicAdministrationinNorway:NoRoom
forPoliticalParties? 272
Elin Haugsgjerd Allern
15. PartyPatronageinPortugal:TreadinginShallowWater 294
Carlos Jalali, Patrícia Silva, and Diogo Moreira
16. PartyPatronageinSpain:AppointmentsforPartyGovernment 316
Raúl Gómez and Tània Verge
17. PartyPatronageintheUnitedKingdom:APendulumofPublic
Appointments 335
Matthew Flinders and Felicity Matthews
Part3: Conclusion
18. Conclusion:PartyPatronageinContemporaryEurope 357
Petr Kopecký and Peter Mair
Appendix1:ProcedureforDataAggregationandCommonIndicators 375
Appendix2:QuestionnairefortheExpertInterviews 376
Appendix3:InstitutionsCoveredbytheAnalysisinGermany 378
Bibliography 382
Index 411
List of Figures
2.1 Mapofagenericstate 22
3.1 MotivationsforpartypatronageinAustria 45
3.2 QualificationsofappointeesinAustria 46
3.3 Patronagepower 46
4.1 Percentageofrespondentswhobelievethatpolitical
appointmentshappennever,sometimes,andoftenin
2000and2005,inBulgaria 60
4.2 MotivationsforpartypatronageinBulgaria 63
4.3 QualificationsofappointeesinBulgaria 66
5.1 MotivationsforpartypatronageintheCzechRepublic 84
5.2 QualificationsofappointeesintheCzechRepublic 86
6.1 Institutionsintheminister’sportfolio—theagencymodel
(anidealtype) 95
6.2 PartyrolesinDenmark 106
6.3 MotivationsofpatronageinDenmark 108
6.4 QualificationsofappointeesinDenmark 110
7.1 Germany:relevantactorsforappointmentswithinfederal
ministries 130
7.2 North-RhineWestphalia:relevantactorsforappointments
withinministries 133
7.3 MotivationsforpartypatronageinGermany 137
7.4 QualificationsofappointeesinGermany 138
8.1 MotivationsforpartypatronageinGreece 155
8.2 QualificationsofappointeesinGreece 156
9.1 SelectorsofpoliticalappointeesinHungary 179
9.2 QualificationsofappointeesinHungary 181
9.3 MotivationsforpartypatronageinHungary 182
9.4 Distributionofjobsbetweengovernment
andoppositionpartiesinHungary 183
10.1 MotivationsforpartypatronageinIceland 201
10.2 QualificationsofappointeesinIceland 202