Participatory Action Research Theory and Methods for Engaged Inquiry

497 Pages·2016·7.64 MB·English

by  Jacques M. Chevalier and Daniel J. Buckles

7
1
0
2
y
r
a
u
n
a
J
6
2
5
3
:
9
1
t
a
]
a
d
a
M
h
a
j
d
a
G
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
Participatory Action
Research
7
1
0
2
y
r
a This book addresses a critical issue in the natural and social sciences: the difficulty
u
n
a researchers, experts and students face when trying to contribute to meaningful change
J
6 in complex settings characterized by uncertainty. More than ever, researchers and actors
2
5 need flexible means and grounded theory to combine people-based and evidence-based
3 inquiry into situations that do not lend themselves to straightforward explanations and
:
9
1 technical solutions alone.
t
a The authors build on insights from many disciplines and lessons from the history of
]
a participatory action research (PAR), French psychosociology and related work in
d
Ma community development, education, public engagement, natural resource management
h and problem solving in the workplace. All formulations of PAR have in common the idea
a
j that research must be done ‘with’ people and not ‘on’ or ‘for’ people. Inquiry of this
d
a kind makes sense of the world through efforts to transform it, as opposed to simply
G
y studying human behaviour and views about reality.
t
si The book contributes many new tools and conceptual foundations to this long-
r
e standing tradition, grounded in case studies and real-life examples of collective fact-
v
i
n finding, analysis and decision-making from around the world. It is a state-of-the-art
U
[ modular textbook on PAR methods, theory and practice, suitable for a wide range of
y
b undergraduate and postgraduate courses, as well as working professionals.
d
e
d
a Jacques M. Chevalieris Chancellor’s Professor Emeritus in the Department of Sociology
o
l and Anthropology at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
n
w
o
D Daniel J. Buckles is Adjunct Research Professor in the Department of Sociology and
Anthropology at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, and an independent consultant.
7
1
0
2
y
r
a This book is a must for anyone seriously committed to research that ensures the authentic
u
n participation and empowerment of people from all walks of life, be they from oral
a
J
6 or textual traditions, women or men, old or young, articulate or hesitant, outspoken or
2
5 reserved.
3 Farida Akhter, Executive Director, UBINIG
:
9
1 (Policy Research for Development Alternative), Dhaka, Bangladesh
t
a
]
a
d
a This exciting and innovative book shows the patterns and processes that connect people
M
h and their social, practical and conceptual worlds in action. Its key themes of inter -
ja dependence, relationship and the need for dialogue make it a book today for tomorrow’s
d
a world. It should be on all reading lists as a key resource for developing socially-oriented
G
y pedagogies for a more peaceful, productive and interconnected world.
t
si Jean McNiff, Professor of Educational Research at York St John
r
e University, York, UK and author of Action Research: Principles and Practice,
v
i
n now in its third edition (Routledge, 2013)
U
[
y
b
d . . . a wonderful compendium, replete with practical tools and techniques that bring
e
d
a rigour and vigour to the international dialogue among action researchers . . . This is a
o
l serious volume worth the time of any action researcher who is curious about how western
n
w (including francophone) perspectives on PAR come alive. This volume makes a significant
o
D contribution to the collective craft of scholarly-practice among action researchers.
Hilary Bradbury-Huang, Professor in the Division of Management
at Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA and Editor of
the journal Action Research
7
1
0
2
y Participatory Action
r
a
u
n
a Research
J
6
2
5
3
:
9 Theory and methods for
1
t
a
] engaged inquiry
a
d
a
M
Jacques M. Chevalier and
h
a
j
d Daniel J. Buckles
a
G
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
[
y
b
d
e
d
a
o
l
n
w
o
D
This first edition published 2013
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2013 Jacques M. Chevalier and Daniel J. Buckles
The right of Jacques M. Chevalier and Daniel J. Buckles to be
7 identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in
1
0 accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs
2
y and Patents Act 1988.
r
a
u All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
n
a reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
J
6 mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
2 including photocopying and recording, or in any information
5 storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
3
9: the publishers.
1
t Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
a
] or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
a
d explanation without intent to infringe.
a
M
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
h
a A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
j
d
a Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
G
A catalog record has been requested for this book
y
t Chevalier, Jacques M., 1949–
i
rs Participatory action research: theory and methods for engaged
e
v inquiry/Jacques M. Chevalier and Daniel J. Buckles.
i
n p. cm.
U
[ Includes bibliographical references and index.
y 1. Action research. 2. Participant observation. 3. Social sciences
b
d – Research – Methodology. I. Buckles, Daniel, 1955– II. Title.
e H62.C3757 2012
d
a 001.4 – dc23
o
nl 2012024841
w
o
D ISBN: 978-0-415-54031-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-54032-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-10738-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Stone Sans by
Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK
Contents
7
1
0
2
y
r
a List of illustrations xii
u
n Preface xvii
a
J
6
2 Introduction: engaging with participatory action research 1
5
3
9: The risk of science 1
1
t Theory and technê 4
a
] References 8
a
d
a
M 1 Action research history 9
h
a Participation, action, research 9
j
d
a Organizational life 11
G
y Psyche and society 16
t
i Development 21
s
r
e Education 26
v
ni Public engagement 29
U
[ References 33
y
b
d 2 Society, experience, knowledge 38
e
d
a
o Plural conversations 38
l
n Threads of theory: skilful means 41
w
o References 45
D
MODULE 1: GROUNDING AND UNCERTAINTY 47
3 Creating an action learning system 49
Introduction 49
The art of engaged research 50
Action, Research, Training (ART) 50
Applying ART in Honduras 52
v
Contents
Systems that learn 55
Planning, Inquiry, Evaluation (PIE) 55
Rethinking evaluation methods in organizations 58
Threads of theory: meaningful research 63
References 67
4 Managing complexity 68
Introduction 68
Coping with uncertainty 68
7
1 Order and Chaos 68
0
2 The Katkari of India 71
y
r Threads of theory: the planner 77
a
u References 83
n
a
J
6 5 Mapping the process 84
2
5
3 Introduction 84
:
9
1 Charting the journey 85
t
a Process Mapping 85
]
a Process Design 89
d
a Monitoring and evaluation 97
M
h Threads of theory: in the middleness 100
ja References 104
d
a
G
y 6 Walking the talk 105
t
i
s
r Introduction 105
e
v Skills in means 106
i
n
U Combos 113
[
y Threads of theory: caring and carefulness 116
b
d References 118
e
d
a
o
l
n MODULE 2: FACT-FINDING AND LISTENING 119
w
o
D
7 Reinventions of the wheel 121
Introduction 121
Educating for ‘Gross National Happiness’ in Bhutan 121
Designing the wheel 125
The Socratic Wheel 125
Weighting 131
Variations on the wheel 133
Baseline and priority setting 133
Monitoring and evaluation 139
vi
Contents
Assessing profiles 146
References 148
8 Seeking evidence and consensus 149
Introduction 149
Threads of theory: cookware and heat in the kitchen 149
Engaging stakeholders and mobilizing evidence 154
Validation 154
7 Timeline validation in Honduras 156
1 Brainstorming and ordering 158
0
2
y Free List and Pile Sort 159
ar Measuring 162
u
n Ranking 163
a
6 J Rating 166
2 Scoring tips 168
5
3 Involving people 171
:
9
1 Participatory action research ethics 171
at Participation 175
]
a Active Listening 177
d
a Mobilizing knowledge 181
M
h Information GAS (Gathering, Analysis, Sharing) 181
ja References 185
d
a
G
y
t
i MODULE 3: EXPLORING PROBLEMS 187
s
r
e
v
i
n 9 Getting to the root 190
U
[
y Introduction 190
b
d Root causes 190
e
d Problem Tree 191
a
o Insecure tribal land in India 193
l
n
w Acknowledging resources 197
o
D Resource Mapping 197
Telling the story 200
Timeline 201
Climate change in India and Nigeria 203
The shortest route 209
Critical Path 209
Knowing the history 211
Previous Responses 211
Types of problems 214
Gaps and Conflicts 214
vii
Contents
Threads of theory: technophilia or technophobia 217
References 220
10 Factors and reasons 221
Introduction 221
Driving and counteracting factors 221
Force Field 221
Beyond logic 224
7 Paradox 224
1
0 Risk taking and risk thinking 227
2
y Accident causation and prevention theory 228
r
a Health and safety among construction workers in France 237
u
n References 250
a
J
6
2
5
3 MODULE 4: KNOWING THE ACTORS 253
:
9
1
t
a 11 Stakeholder identification 255
]
a
d
a Introduction 255
M
Threads of theory: captains of our souls 256
h
a Naming the actors 257
j
d
a Stakeholder Identification 257
G
y The playing field 259
it Stakeholder Rainbow 259
s
r
e Threads of theory: the world about us 262
v
ni References 264
U
[
y
b 12 Stakeholder analysis 265
d
e
d Introduction 265
a
o Social Analysis 266
l
n
w Social analysis CLIP (Conflict/Collaboration, Legitimacy, Interests,
o
D Power) 266
Land eviction in India 272
The distribution of power 280
Power 280
Gains and losses 283
Interests 283
Rights, responsibilities and resolve 287
Legitimacy 287
Threads of theory: participation and democracy 290
References 292
viii
Contents
13 Positions and values 293
Introduction 293
Taking a stand 294
Positions and Interests 294
Between principles and interests 297
Values, Interests, Positions (VIP) 297
Conflict over the control of timber in Bolivia 300
Lessons learned 303
7 Lessons and Values 303
1
0 Threads of theory: getting to no 306
2
y References 307
r
a
u
n
a
J
6 MODULE 5: ASSESSING OPTIONS 309
2
5
3
: 14 Blue-sky thinking 311
9
1
t Introduction 311
a
a] Visioning 312
d
a Ideal Scenario 312
M
Making it worse 316
h
a Sabotage 316
j
d
a Sources of dispute 317
G
y Disagreements and Misunderstandings 317
it Competing principles of government consultation with natives
s
r
e in Canada 321
v
ni Readiness to proceed 322
U
[ Levels of Support 322
y
b Levels of support for community woodlots in Kajla, West Bengal 324
d Stakeholder expectations 326
e
d
a Negotiation Fair 326
o
nl YouthScape engagement and project team expectations, Canada 328
w
Threads of theory: global ventriloquism 331
o
D
References 334
15 Into the future 335
Introduction 335
Disaster relief and risk reduction in the Philippines 335
At risk 345
Hazards 345
Forecasting the future 346
Projections 346
ix