Participation in artisanal fisheries management for improved livelihoods in West Africa : a synthesis of interviews and cases from Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea and Ghana

82 Pages·2002·2.6 MB·English

by  Lenselink, Noeky M

Participation in artisanal FISHERFIAEOS
fisheries management TECHPNAIPCEARL
for improved livelihoods 432
in WestAfrica
Asynthesisofinterviewsandcasesfrom
Mauritania,Senegal,GuineaandGhana
FAO
Participation in artisanal FISHERIES
TECHNICAL
fisheries management PAPER
for improved livelihoods 432
in WestAfrica
Asynthesisofinterviewsandcasesfrom
Mauritania,Senegal,GuineaandGhana
by
NoekyM.Lenselink
RuralDevelopmentSociologist(AssociateExpert)
FishingTechnologyService,FisheryIndustriesDivision
FAOFisheriesDepartment
FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS This orn
Rome,2002
VWDS-G2F-f
TtohphiiesnidioennsfiowrghmnaaatttiisooonnesvpeerromdpoulncotytehddeoapnnaordlttiohmfeplptyrheestehFneotoaetdxipoarnnesdostiAmoganrtiecorufilatalunriyen
Oacrongnyacneciroznuaintntigroynt,hoeftetdrehrleiitUmorniyti,atteicdiotnNyaotfoiroitnsasrfcreooanntcioeerrrsnoifonrgibttsohueanuldteahgroairleisstt.iaets,usoorf
ISBN92-5-104841-X
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©FAO2002
Copyrightedmaterial
PREPARATIONOFTHISDOCUMENT
TFhisihserdioescumLeinvetliihsooadsstPurdoygrcaarmrimeedo(uStFLbPy)t[hGeCPF/AIONT/e7x3e5c/uUtKe]daDnFdID-tfhuendeFdAOSusFtiasihnearbilees
DepartmentMediumTermProgramme“PromotionofCoastalFisheriesManagement"[MTP
234A4],Thestudyaimstoderiveanddisseminatelessonslearntonfisherparticipationin
fisheriesmanagementaswellaswaysofsupportinglivelihoodsthroughresponsiblefisheries
management.
ThebasisforthisstudywasprovidedbyfourSFLPcountryreportswithcasestudieson
fisherparticipationinMonitoringControlandSurveillance.Fieldworkforthosecasestudies
wadamsinicsatrrraiteidonosutbientwpeaiernsbAyugcuosntsul2t0a0n0tsaannddsMtaafrfchmem20b0e1r:sMf.rOo.mtMheohnaamtieodnalVafiilsheraineds
N.M.MoctarNechinMauritania;A.SailandCM.DialloinSenegal;M.M.DialloandA.Bah
inGuinea;andE.AryeeandQ.Q.Ahene-AmanquanorinGhana.Furtherfielddatacame
fromadditionalfieldvisitsandinterviewsundertakenbyPhilippeCacaud,consultant,and
myself(fromtheMediumTermProgramme"PromotionofCoastalFisheriesManagement”)
inJuneandJulyof2001.TheanalysisandwritingofthedocumenttookplaceatFAOin
Rome,Italy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AthmaonnkgsCthrtihsetocpohleleBargeuueislaatntdheMSouussttaaipnahbaleKFeibseheraisesinLiitviaetloirhsooadnsdPsruopgerravmismoer,sIowfouthledlsitkuedyt.o
Thanksalso to Richard Coutts, Programme Coordinatorin Rome, Italyand Benoit
Horemans,TeamLeaderinCotonou,Benin.TheProgramme'sNationalCoordinatingUnits
(NCUs)inMauritania.Senegal,GuineaandGhanaprovidedpracticalsupportforthefield
workactivities.
VariouspersonsfromtheMediumTerm Programme“PromotionofCoastalFisheries
Management"attheFAOinRome,Italyprovidedinputandfeedback,specifically:the
ProgrammeCoordinatorAlainBonzon,JanJohnsonandDominiqueGreboval.
Ienspaedcdiiatliloynltiokethteoabtohvaen,kaJenruemmbyerToufrnoetrh,erChcioelfl,eagFuiesshincgontTreibcuhtneodlotgoythiSsersvtiucdey,.Ifowrouhlids
eRnecboeucrcaageMmeetznntera.ndKasturpinpeorStoimnareaalnidzinRgoltfhiWsildlomcaunmnenotf.FIIPaPm,agsratweeflullatsoKGaeroirngVeerEsvterraeltetn,
(consultant)forcriticallyreviewingdifferentversionsofthedocumentandtheirconstructive
comments.
Distribution:
SFLPrelatedcountries
FAORegionalandSubregionalOffices
FAOFisheriesDepartment
iii
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LPearntsiecliipnakt,ioNn.Min.artisanalfisheriesmanagementforimprovedlivelihoodsinWestAfrica.A
synthesisofinterviewsandcasesfromMauritania,Senegal,GuineaandGhana.
!FAOFisheriesTechnicalPaper.No.432.Rome,FAO.2002.72p.
ABSTRACT
Introduction
PWThreiosstgsrAtafumrdimyceao"nwor"aPsarStcFiacLrirPpiaetdi(oGonCuPitn/iIanNrtTti/hse7a3nfa5lr/aUfmKies)hweoririnkesocmfoaltlnhaaebgorSeaumtseitonanitnafwobirltehimFptirhseohvereFideAslOiLveilvFieihlsoihohedorsoideissn
DepartmentMediumTermProgramme“PromotionofCoastalFisheriesManagement"
(coMaTstPal2f3i4shAe4ri)e.sImtasneaegkesmteontidaenstiafymewaanyssfoofriimnpcrroeavsiinnggfiasrhteirsiaensallivfeilsihheroso’ds.involvementin
ToachievethispurposefourSFLPcasestudyreportsonMauritania.Senegal,Guinea
andGhanawereanalysed,andadditionalinterviewswereheldinSenegalandGhana.
Theanalysisfocusedprimarilyonthefollowingtopics:
• TheroleofartisanalfishersandgovernmentinmarineFisheriesmanagement.
• Issuesandconstraintsinexistingmarinefisheriesmanagement,
• Theeffectofmarinefisheriesmanagementonartisanalfisheries'livelihoods.
Results
Results show that artisanal Fishers are generally involved in informal Fisheries
managementmeasures,whichcoexistwithformalmeasuresinitiatedbythefisheries
administration.FormalFisherinvolvementismostlythroughconsultationfortheformulation
oafndFiaschteuraileslyliamwpsleamnedntrienggullaotciaolnsr,egwuhlaetrieoanssminafdoermablyicnovmomluvneimtenytficsohnesrisctosmmoifttfoeremsuluantdienrg
theirowninitiative.
Themosteffectivecasesconcernlocal,informalmeasures,andcaseswherefishersand
government support andcomplement each other. Generally speaking, however,
governmentandfishershavedifferentandoften,thoughnotalways,mutuallyexclusive
objectivesinfisheries.GovernmentFisheriespolicyisgenerallybasedonlong-term
biologicalconcernswhereasartisanalFisherstendtohaveshort-termeconomicandsocial
goals.WhereFisheriesmanagementisrelativelyeffectiveandhaspositiveeffectson
a(svoemset)eldiivenltiehroeosdtso,fthfiisshiesrsofatennddguoevetornamsepencttisnstuhcehmaeschsatnroinsgm,lecaodlelrasbhoirpatbiyonlobcealtwpeeresnontsh,e
partiesinvolved,clearcommunicationprocessesandpeerlearning.
Hrctreoehosenswpsoeoiuvndsrseetcisrsebi,sirol,efiwtdhiiienneeetscffhoffeimaecrenci,tdefsnotracopanfprnodaorbcmiefaelimlisspthsoileererossiiyenasmwf'eniotndrhltmiipanvrleoTlamchieniehadosdsouduirbssreeestdsawuc,feheoeriitentcavooeppmdpaam,reutaninrseuisusmccatbhihtenairvtoaoolnsonvfeladyenf.nadiscnAtudaoirrvefssideesiwcOoaoncncnaecodsfeesffrssaaolccaettrstooe,orr\
cgmbeorannonesufaipisgsttesmmmooeafrnyetcohfnmraseotvarmesauitrndhtieesvsse.erwigmItitehnagwesoniuufnlrotdeersrcseesetmtheesanmnti.npthoAaaontnrodemtrohmeroarneeyfspa.ocbwteTeorrhafeifusfluetncahdtaneetrddldyiidinfinffflgefureeerannesttnsitaulalymrtpsibttsyiaakonenaFhlisoohflfeidrsteihhreeisssr
study,thatfisheriesmanagementimprovesartisanalfisheries’livelihoods,isthusnotself-
e“vpiadsesnitv.eartelceiapsitenntost'iwnhtohearsehoorntlryuni.nfFliunaelnlcye,dtbheyafniaslhyersiiesssmhaonwasgtehmatensttakmeehcohladneirssmasr,enboutt
activeagentsthatareusing,modifyingandsometimesignoringorcounter-actingthe
1imshecorhta-ntiersmmsgo,alsso.astoachieveaccesstoandcontroloverresources,aswellastheirown.
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Conclusions
Anumberoftrendscanbeidentifiedwhichareconducivetoincreasedcollaboration
binectrweeaesnedfiasthteernstiaonndfogrolviveerlnimhoeondtsianspfeicsthse.rieOsnmtahneafgieshmeersn'tsimdeeasthuerrees,araesalwreelaldaysexfiosrtianng
(thoughnotgenerallytraditional)rulesandcommitteesgoverningfishingandthereisan
increasingawarenessincommunitiesfortheneedtoprotectstocks.Thegovernmenthas
ifinschreerassifnogrinttheeresetlaibnoarrattiisoannaloffimshaenriaegseamnednatlrmeeaadsyuerxeisst.ingInpraodcdeitsisoensotfhecroensualrteatoinognowiintgh
decentralizationprocesseswhichpromotesharingofresponsibilitieswithlocalinstitutions
forthemanagementofnaturalresourcesandalreadyexistingparticipatorymechanisms
suchaslocalfisheriescouncilsandcommunity-basedfisheriesmanagementcommittees.
However,anumberoffactorscomplicateincreasedcollaborationandconsensus-building
betweenfishersandgovernmentinfisheriesmanagementmeasuresandattentionfor
livelihoodsaspects.Differentgroupsoffishersandprocessorswithdifferentinterests
makecollaborationdifficult.Thereisahistoryofstrainedrelationsbetweenfishersand
governmentauthorities Theauthoritiesthemselveshavebeenunableorunwillingto
enforcealreadyexistinglaws,asituationcomplicatedbyunclearmandatesordefacto
divisionoftasksbetweendifferentgovernmentorganizationsconcernedwithfisheriesand
maritimeaffairsFinally,communication,financingandstaffingofgovernmentagencies
arenotalwayssufficientforresponsiblefisheriesmanagement,
Recommendations
Toarriveatamorelivelihoods-centredfisheriesmanagementtwotypesofissuesmust
particularlybeimprovedupon:
1.Allcotnhteroplhaansdessuirnvfeiislhlearnicees(mMaCnSa)geamnednte,nfsourcchemaesntplnaenneidngt,obimepaledmdernetsasteido,n,bomtohnitoring,
individuallyandasawhole,andclearlylinkedtolivelihoodsissuesandobjectives.
2.Thereshouldbeaseriouscommitmenttoparticipation,representation,informationand
communicationbythoseconcernedwithlivelihoodsandwithfisheriesmanagement.
fCoolnlcoewrinnginsgupptohretftiorsftisihsesruse,antdheoffFiAciOa.lsoSfFgLoPvearnnmdenpatratnnedroctohuenrtargieenscisehso:uldprovidethe
• aanwdarmeanneasgsermaeinsitngphaansdestrwaiitnhinrgefinerfeinscheertioesthmeaCnoadgeemoefnCto,ndmuacntafgoremReesnptonmseicbhleanisms
Fisheries(CCRF);
• awarenessraisingandtrainingonhowtoincludelivelihoodconsiderationsand
objectivesinfisheriesmanagement:
• exchangeofexperiencesonfisheriesmanagementandmanagementmechanisms
throughcasestudies,etc.
ConcerningthesecondissuetheFAO.SFLPandpartnercountriescanprovidesupportto
fishersandofficialsofgovernmentandotheragenciesconsistingof:
• awarenessraising, trainingandexchangeofexperiencesonparticipationand
participatorymechanismsatnational,localandcommunitylevelsandsupporting
decentralizationandtheshiftfromconsultationtoco-management,
• capacity buildingoffishers'organizationsandstrengtheningtheirrepresentationin
formalprocesses;
• improvedcollaborationandcommunicationbetweenstakeholders, includingthe
poorestfishers.
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
Listofboxesandfigures viii
Listoftables yiii
Listofmaps jx
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1Thestudy 1
1.2Methodology 4
1.3Theoreticalapproach 5
1.4Structureofthisdocument 9
2. ARTISANALFISHERIESANDARTISANALFISHERS
2.1Fisheriesandlivelihoodcontextsinthecasestudycountries 10
2.2Whoaretheartisanalfishers? 15
2.3Howareartisanalfishersorganizedandrepresented? 18
3. FISHERIESADMINISTRATIONANDMANAGEMENT 24
3.1Howisthefisheriesadministrationorganized? 24
3.2Whataretheexistingmechanismsforcollaboration? 28
3.3Whichrulesregulateartisanalfishing? 34
4. THECASESTUDIESONARTISANALFISHERIESMANAGEMENTMECHANISMS 39
4.1Introductiontothecasestudies 25
4.2Descriptionofthecasestudies 43
5. ANALYSISOFTHECASESTUDIES 49
5.1Strengthsandconstraints 49
5.2Therespectiverolesofartisanalfishersandgovernment 55
5.3Interactionbetweenfisheriesmanagementandfisherieslivelihoods 59
6. TOWARDSLIVELIHOODS-CENTREDFISHERIESMANAGEMENT 65
6.2Revisitingtheassumptions 65
6.2Facilitatingandcomplicatingfactors 66
6.3Recommendationsforlivelihoods-centredfisheriesmanagement 66
7, LISTQFREFERENCES 69
7.1Thecountrycasestudyreports 69
7.2Otherquotedandrelevantliterature 69
6, APPENDIXES Z9
8.1ExpectedoutputsoftheSustainableFisheriesLivelhoodsProgramme 71
8.2Causesofaccidentsatsea(fromthefourcountryreports) 72
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2311
LISTOFBOXESANDFIGURES
1. INTRODUCTION 1
Explanationofkeyterms 2
TheSustainableLivelihoodsframework 5
DefinitionsofSLAterms 6
FAOTechnicalGuidelinesforResponsibleFisheries:fisheriesmanagement 7
LivelihoodissuesandtheCodeofConductforResponsibleFisheries 8
Reminderoftheunderlyingassumptionsoftheobjectives 8
Notetothereader 9
2. ARTISANALFISHERIESANDARTISANALFISHERS 10
Exampleofregionalvariationsinexploitationoffisheriesresources 1
Examplesofstrategiestoprotectfisherlivelihoods 1
ChieffishermanandthecouncilofeldersinGhana 20
3. FISHERIESADMINISTRATIONANDMANAGEMENT 24
OrganizationalstructureoftheMinistryofFishehesinGuinea 24
ChangesinthefisheriesadministrationinGhana 25
ConsultativebodiesfortheformulationofpoliciesandregulationsinMauritania 28
ConflictsettlementpracticesinGuinea 32
AlternativeconflictresolutionmechanismsinGuinea 32
Definitionofartisanalfishingvessels,theexampleofSenegal 36
Thesocialconsequencesofimplementinglawsonmeshsizesofnets 37
6. TOWARDSLIVELIHOODS-CENTREDFISHERIESMANAGEMENT 65
Reminderoftheunderlyingassumptionsoftheobjectives 65
• LISTOFTABLES
2. ARTISANALFISHERIESANDARTISANALFISHERS 10
Generalinformationaboutthefourcasestudycountriesandtheircoastalareas 1
Contributionoffisheriestothenationaleconomies 1
4. THECASESTUDIESONARTISANALFISHERIESMANAGEMENTMECHANISMS 39
Theeightcasestudycommunities,percountry 39
Thecasestudiespercommunity 39
Groupingthecasestudiesinto"surveillanceatsea"and"controlsatlandingsites” 42
5. ANALYSISOFTHECASESTUDIES 49
Thecasesoncontrolsatlandingsites 49
Thecasesonsurveillanceatsea 50
Comparingelementsofcontrolsatlandingsitesandsurveillanceatsea 53
Theroleoffishersandgovernmentindifferentstagesof"controlsatlandingsites" 56
Theroleoffishersandgovernmentindifferentstagesof"surveillanceatsea" 56
Intendedbeneficiariesofthecaseson"controlsatlandingsites" 60
Intendedbeneficiariesofthecaseson"surveillanceatsea" 61
viii Copyrightedmaterial
1
LISTOFMAPS
2. ARTISANALFISHERIESANDARTISANALFISHERS 10
MapofWfesfAfricaindicatingthecasestudycountries 10
4. THECASESTUDIESONARTISANALFISHERIESMANAGEMENTMECHANISMS 39
IndicationofthelocationofthecasestudyareainMauritania 40
IndicationofthelocationofthecasestudyareasinSenegal 40
IndicationofthelocationofthecasestudyareasinGuinea 4
IndicationofthelocationofthecasestudyareasinGhana 41
Thecasestudyareaonlandingsites 43
Casestudyareasonsurveillanceatsea:fishercommitteesandsub-committees 44
Casestudyareasonsun/eillanceatsea:decentralizedgovernmentposts 44
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.
11.1INTRODUCTION
Thestudy
1.1.1 Background
"ParticipationinartisanalfisheriesmanagementforimprovedlivelihoodsinWestAfrica”
withcasesfromMauritania,Senegal,GuineaandGhanaisastudyonparticipationin
fisheriesmanagementasameansofensuringsustainablefisherieslivelihoods1.
IFFtiAwsOhaesrFiieussnhdeLeririvteesalkiDehneoopdbaserttPwmreeoengntrMMaaemrdmciehu(maSnFTdLePrA)umgouPrsrtGo.CgP2r/0aI0mN1mTe/fo7r3"P5tr/hoeUmKoF,tAiiOonnceooxlfelcaCubotoaersadttaiSlounsFtwiaisithnhearbtilheees
Management'(MTP234A4).TheSFLPisexecutedinpartnershipwith25countriesin
WthersotugAhfriicmap.roIvtehdascapaistailtsasosbjeetcsti(vwehetthheerallneavtiuartailo,nsoofciaplo,vefritnyanciinalfiosrheroitehsercormesmouunricteise)s2
andthecreationofanenablinginstitutionalenvironmentforsustainablelivelihoodsin
fisheries.TheMediumTermProgramme“PromotionofCoastalFisheriesManagement"
pbhaoartsthiacPisrpaoittgsorroyabmjaempceptsriovieasctohonesaa,nratialsynasdnealtfofiisrshehecerroyiredms.aannadgedimsesnetmisncahteemleess,sownisthlesaprencti3a.lTahtetenftoicounsfoorf
Thepresentstudythusaimstoderiveanddisseminatelessonslearntonfisher
plairvteilciihpoaotdisonthrinoufgihshreersipeosnsmiabnleagfiesmheernitesimnanWaegsetmeAfnrtic4a. aswellaswaysofsupporting
1.1.2 Justification
Sustainablefisherieslivelihoodsandresponsiblefisheriesmanagementareimportant
issuesinWestAfrica,andworldwide.Fisheriesisagrowingsectorcontributingto
employment,nutrition,trade,foreignexchangeearnings,localdevelopment,etc.The
SFLPestimatesthat,intheWestAfricanregion,5.3millionpeople’slivelihoodsdepend
directlyonfishresources(inlandaswellasmarine).Marinefishlandingsareestimatedat
1.1milliontonnesannually5.
Butfishresourcesarefiniteandcannotcontinuetosustainthetrendofeverincreasing
catches.Thereisaneedforresponsiblefisheriesmanagementtoensurethatinthe
futurealargenumberofpeoplecancontinuetoearntheirlivelihoodsfromthefisheries
sector.Activeinvolvementofthefishersthemselves(aswellasotherstakeholdergroups)
isanessentialelementinresponsiblefisheriesmanagementsoastoensurethatthe
interestsofthosewhoselivelihoodsdependonfisheriesareprotectedandthatthe
managementmeasureswillgainwideacceptanceamongfishers.
2•S3••51uTTAdsaThostitealdadtFFSi©aeeeneftAAsxcaenrctOOnp,boereielmgicrtCceFabohmittilesreLhescdeiedhdTulvseeileiSeoornacvlFuirlehFiftealLnihAspdiipPsouhOechoeotC'eadsosiPrslsdrciesoceaAPCsfusrpolctaoipbadahrstyrreteeoNceeGNpatosoxarfo.acpshonhCljpa9aeaoas59lcinr75tenp/d7tencu2/udab.1acEl,nntlPidirsbPSFnhoPearoelmlortadfvomhtoaRcotteudetiewonsaidordpbuon..oosnintxdnCuseooAdifsnoibltenanlcasoeeoaxRrtFsidhitc1eesaahnl.eanrcPfieiiaexsbsnh,naerpmdiaaeegs.leamEpaceunPsaaacdggaoeersmcyeosn5Cttoerla:aonm1d.b2i.L6aoAcbsagylpi-evBlceeetlvotearslnansefoTofcuovtrretorrievraciegogeonu.wPlamtoiifcoontshiyen
-1-
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