Part 2: Non-ferrous Alloys - Light Metals

583 Pages·2011·9.36 MB·English

by  M. Spittel

Landolt-Börnstein
Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology
New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen
Group VIII: Advanced Materials and Technologies
Volume 2
Materials
Subvolume C
Metal Forming Data
Part 2
–
Non-Ferrous Alloys Light Metals
Editor: H. Warlimont
Authors: M. Spittel and T. Spittel
ISSN 1619-4802(Advanced Materialsand Technologies)
ISBN 978-3-642-13863-8Springer Berlin HeidelbergNew York
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
ZahlenwerteundFunktionenausNaturwissenschaftenundTechnik,NeueSerie
EditorinChief:W.Martienssen†
Vol.VIII/2C2:Editor:H.Warlimont
Atheadoftitle:Landolt-Börnstein.Addedt.p.:Numericaldataandfunctionalrelationshipsinscienceandtechnology.
TableschieflyinEnglish.
IntendedtosupersedethePhysikalisch-chemischeTabellenbyH.LandoltandR.Börnsteinofwhichthe6thed.beganpublicationin1950undertitle:
ZahlenwerteundFunktionenausPhysik,Chemie,Astronomie,GeophysikundTechnik.
Vols.publishedafterv.1ofgroupIhaveimprint:Berlin,NewYork,Springer-Verlag
Includesbibliographies.
1.Physics–Tables.2.Chemistry–Tables.3.Engineering–Tables.
I.Börnstein,R.(Richard),1852-1913.II.Landolt,H.(Hans),1831-1910.
III.Physikalisch-chemischeTabellen.IV.Title:Numericaldataandfunctionalrelationshipsinscienceandtechnology.
QC61.23 502'.12 62-53136
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Preface
Design, planning and processing of deformation technologies rest upon profound knowledge of material behaviour
during deformation, on specific types of the technical facilities considered as well as on the interactions between
deformed material and equipment. Special knowledge of the material parameters is the pre-condition for every new
development.Thisgeneralstatementisindependentofwhethertheworkpertainstoexperimentalinvestigationsorto
numericalsimulation.Thelattershowsanincreasingapplicationbothinresearchasinpractice.Itdescribestherealpro-
cessesthebetter,themoreprecisetheresponseofthematerial,theprocessesattheinterfacebetweenthematerialand
thetool,andthematerialandthetechnicalfacilities,respectively,canbecharacterised.Thisincludesthedeformation
behaviour(includingflowcurves),plasticity,physicalmaterialparametersandlastbutnotleastthemechanicalproper-
ties. Thus, the deformation behaviour is affected by process and material related parameters and can be reflected by
mathematicalmodelsonlyiftheseparametersareintroducedaspreciselyaspossible.
Specifically,thepresentvolume“MetalFormingData”istreatingthedeformationbehaviouroflightmetalsintheory
andpractice.Thebasicprinciplesarepresentedinacompactform.Thechapter“modelling”paysspecialattentionto
numericalsimulationprocesses.Manyexamplesdemonstratethetechnicalapplications.Inparticular,thevarietyoflight
metalsdiscussedandthecomparisonofinternationalstandardsemphasisetherelevanceofthebookasacompendium
bothforscientistsandresearchersaswellasforengineersinmetallurgicalplants.
Thedescriptionofthedeformationbehaviour,ofphysicalandmechanicalproperties(includingspecificcharacteris-
tics)asadatabankcomprisingabout85lightmetalsisaninvaluablepoolofdatafortheuserofnumericalsimulation
anddeformationprocesses.ItisbasedonthelonglastingcontinuousresearchworkcarriedoutattheInstituteforMetal
FormingoftheTechnicalUniversityBergakademieFreiberg,whichishighlyappreciatedandacceptedbynationaland
internationalexperts.Moreover,itisbasedonextensiveliteraturestudiesandonacomputationaltreatmentknownas
the“Freiberg-Model”world-wide.
Thebookisaddressedtostudentsandscientistsaswellastoengineersinmetallurgicalplantsandinplantengineering.
Freiberg,September2007 Prof.Dr.-Ing.Prof.E.h.R.Kawalla
Editor
H.Warlimont
AmNeuseserWeinberg2
D-63579Freigericht
e-mail:[email protected]
Authors
M.Spittel
InstitutfürMetallformung
FakultätfürWerkstoffwissenschaftundWerkstofftechnologie
TechnischeUniversitätBergakademieFreiberg
Akademiestraße6
D-09596Freiberg
T.Spittel
InstitutfürMetallformung
FakultätfürWerkstoffwissenschaftundWerkstofftechnologie
TechnischeUniversitätBergakademieFreiberg
Akademiestraße6
D-09596Freiberg
Landolt-Börnstein
Springer
Tiergartenstr.17,D-69121Heidelberg,Germany
fax:[phone]
e-mail:[email protected]
Internet
www.springermaterials.com
Contents
VIII/2C Metal Forming Data
Part2:Non-FerrousAlloys
OverviewofLightMetalAlloyswithpagenumberreferences................................. 1
1. DefinitionsandTestMethods .................................................... 4
1.1. Flowstress ................................................................ 4
1.2. Plasticity.................................................................. 5
1.3. Deformationbehaviour........................................................ 6
1.4. Methodstodeterminethedeformationbehaviour..................................... 8
1.4.1. Overviewandspecifications.................................................... 8
1.4.2. Testmethodsforsimulation ................................................... 11
1.4.3. Technologicaltests.......................................................... 17
1.4.3.1. Deepdrawingtest .......................................................... 17
1.4.3.2. Rollingtest ............................................................... 19
1.5. References................................................................ 21
2. Flowstress................................................................ 22
2.1. Influenceofthechemicalcomposition............................................ 22
2.1.1. Hotworking .............................................................. 22
2.1.1.1. Basicrelationships.......................................................... 22
2.1.1.2. Experimentalandcommercialmaterials........................................... 24
2.1.2. Coldworking.............................................................. 30
2.1.2.1. Basicrelationships.......................................................... 30
2.1.2.2. Influenceoftreatmentconditions ............................................... 30
2.1.2.3. Initialstructure............................................................. 34
2.2. Influenceofformingconditions ................................................ 36
2.2.1. Hotforming............................................................... 36
2.2.1.1. Influenceofthedeformationtemperature.......................................... 37
2.2.1.2. Influenceofstrain .......................................................... 37
2.2.1.3. Influenceofthestrainrate .................................................... 40
2.2.2. Coldforming.............................................................. 42
2.2.2.1. Degreeofdeformation....................................................... 42
2.2.2.2. Rateofdeformation......................................................... 43
2.2.2.3. Temperatureofdeformation ................................................... 44
2.3. Modelling ................................................................ 45
2.3.1. Influenceofchemicalcomposition .............................................. 45
2.3.2. Influenceofformingconditions ................................................ 49
2.3.2.1. Hotworking .............................................................. 49
2.3.2.1.1. Modellingbymeansofthethermodynamicfactors................................... 50
2.3.2.1.2. Calculationusingtheactivationenergyofhotdeformation............................. 52
2.3.2.2. Colddeformation........................................................... 55
2.3.2.2.1. Effectofthedegreeofdeformation.............................................. 55
2.3.2.2.2. Influenceofdegreeofdeformation,deformationtemperatureanddeformationrate ........... 58
2.4. References................................................................ 59
3. Plasticity ................................................................. 61
3.1. Hotplasticity.............................................................. 61
3.1.1. Influenceofthematerial...................................................... 62
3.1.2. Materialcondition .......................................................... 63
3.1.3. Influenceoftemperatureandstrainrate........................................... 64
vi Contents
3.2. Coldplasticity .............................................................. 66
3.2.1. Factorsinfluencingcoldplasticity ................................................ 66
3.2.2. Parametersofcoldplasticity .................................................... 66
3.2.3. Influenceofthematerial....................................................... 67
3.2.4. Temperature................................................................ 68
3.2.5. Strainrate ................................................................. 69
3.2.6. Influenceofthestresscondition ................................................. 71
3.3. Modellingoftheplasticityinhotworking .......................................... 71
3.3.1. Modellingoftheinfluenceofthechemicalcomposition ................................ 71
3.3.2. Influenceofdeformationconditions............................................... 73
3.3.2.1. Modellingoftemperatureinfluence............................................... 73
3.3.2.2. Modellingoftheinfluenceofstrainrate............................................ 75
3.4. Calculationoftheforminglimitinhotrolling ....................................... 76
3.5. Calculationoftheforminglimitinhotextrusion...................................... 79
3.6. References................................................................. 81
4. Mechanicalandphysicalproperties............................................... 82
4.1. Mechanicalpropertiesaftercoldforming........................................... 82
4.1.1. Yieldpointandtensilestrength.................................................. 82
4.1.2. Elongation................................................................. 83
4.2. Young'smodulus ............................................................ 84
4.2.1. Definitionandfunctionalrelationships............................................. 84
4.2.2. ModellingofthetemperaturedependenceofYoung'smodulus........................... 86
4.3. Thermalconductivity ......................................................... 87
4.3.1. Basicdata ................................................................. 87
4.3.2. Calculationofthethermalconductivity ............................................ 89
4.4. Specificheat................................................................ 93
4.4.1. Experimentaldata............................................................ 93
4.4.2. Calculationofthespecificheat .................................................. 94
4.5. Coefficientofthethermalexpansion .............................................. 96
4.5.1. Definitionandfactorsofinfluence................................................ 96
4.5.2. Influenceoftemperatureonthecoefficientofthermalexpansion.......................... 97
4.6. Density ................................................................... 99
4.6.1. Definitionandfactorsofinfluence................................................ 99
4.6.2. Modellingthedependenceontemperature .......................................... 99
4.7. References................................................................ 101
5. Databankofdeformationparameters............................................ 102
5.1. Introduction............................................................... 102
5.1.1. Basisofthedatabank........................................................ 102
5.1.2. Hotandcoldflowcurves ..................................................... 102
5.1.2.1. Remarksonthedataofflowstress............................................... 103
5.1.2.2. Extrapolation .............................................................. 103
5.1.3. Plasticitycurves............................................................ 104
5.1.4. Mechanicalandphysicalproperties .............................................. 105
5.2. Beryllium................................................................. 107
5.3. MagnesiumandMagnesiumAlloys.............................................. 110
5.3.1. Magnesium ............................................................... 110
5.3.2. Magnesium-AluminiumAlloys ................................................. 123
5.4. AluminiumandAluminiumAlloys .............................................. 175
5.4.1. UnalloyedAluminium........................................................ 175
5.4.2. Aluminium-CopperandAluminium-Copper-MagnesiumWroughtAlloys .................. 199
Contents vii
5.4.3. Aluminium-Manganese,Aluminium-Magnesium-ManganeseandAluminium-Silicon
WroughtAlloys ............................................................ 233
5.4.4. Aluminium-MagnesiumandAluminium-Magnesium-ManganeseWroughtAlloys ............ 282
5.4.5. Aluminium-Silicon-Magnesium,Aluminium-Magnesium-Silicon,
Aluminium-Zinc-MagnesiumandAluminium-Zinc-Magnesium-CopperWroughtAlloys ....... 342
5.4.6. WroughtAluminiumAlloyswithothermainconstituents .............................. 414
5.5. TitaniumandTitaniumAlloys.................................................. 433
5.6. References................................................................ 474
Index oflightmetal alloys 1
Index of light metal alloys
Deformation behaviour of light metal alloys
Overview of Light Metal Alloys
5.2 Beryllium
Material number Symbol Page
Be 107
5.3 Magnesium and MagnesiumAlloys
Material number Symbol Page
Mg 99.95 110
3.5003 Mg 99.8 114
Ref. [5.14] Mg 99.5 119
Ref. [5.14] MgAl2Zn 123
3.5312 MgAl3Zn 128
3.5612 MgAl6Zn 133
3.5812 MgAl8Zn 138
3.5200 MgMn2 143
ASTM B90, B90M AZ 31 147
ASTM B90, B90M AZ 61A 151
ASTM B90, B90M AZ 91 154
ASTM B90, B90M AM 50 158
ASTM B90, B90M AE 42 162
ASTM B90, B90M WE43 164
GOST MgZn5.5Zr 168
ASTM B90, B90M LA 141 A(MgLi11.5) 172
5.4 Aluminium and AluminiumAlloys
5.4.1 Unalloyed wroughtAluminium
AA Material number Symbol (DIN EN573-3) Page
1098 Al 99.98A 175
1050A Al 99.5 179
1070A Al 99.7 185
1100 Al 99 190
1199 Al 99.99 195
Landolt-Börnstein DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-13864-5_1
NewSeriesVIII/2C2 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
2 Index oflightmetal alloys
5.4.2 Aluminium-Copper and Aluminium-Copper-Magnesium WroughtAlloys
AA Material number Symbol (DIN EN573-3) Page
2014 AlCu4SiMg 199
2017A AlCu4MgSi(A) 204
2024 AlCu4Mg1 208
2036 AlCu2.5Mg0.5 213
2090 AlCuLi 218
2091 AlCu2LiMg1.5 221
2124 AlCu4Mg1 (A) 225
2618A AlCu2Mg2NiSi 229
5.4.3Aluminium-Manganese,Aluminium-Magnesium-ManganeseandAluminium-SiliconWrought
Alloys
AA Material number Symbol (DIN EN573-3) Page
3003 AlMn1Cu 233
3004 AlMn1Mg1 238
3005 AlMn1Mg0.5 243
3103 AlMn1 248
3105 AlMn0.5Mg0.5 253
4006 AlSi1Fe 257
4009 AlSi5 261
4014 AlSi2 265
4044 AlSi8 269
4045 AlSi10 273
4047 AlSi12(A) 276
5.4.4 Aluminium–Magnesium and Aluminium–Magnesium–Manganese Wrought Alloys
AA Material number Symbol (DIN EN573-3) Page
5005A AlMg1(C) 282
5006 AlMg1Mn0.5 287
5016 AlMg1.5Mn0.5 291
5017 AlMg2MnFeCu 296
5019 AlMg5 300
5049 AlMg2Mn0.8 305
5050 AlMg1.5 311
5052 AlMg2.5 315
5083 AlMg4.5Mn0.7 321
5086 AlMg4 325
5182 AlMg5Mn 330
5754 AlMg3 336
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-13864-5_1 Landolt-Börnstein
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 NewSeriesVIII/2C2