Part 141 – National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

300 Pages·2013·1.24 MB·English

§140.5 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–13 Edition)
with a notice of proposed rulemaking, 141.2 Definitions.
and then shall proceed in accordance 141.3 Coverage.
with 5 U.S.C. 553. If the Administra- 141.4 Variances and exemptions.
tor’s finding is that a complete prohibi- 141.5 Siting requirements.
141.6 Effective dates.
tion covering a more restricted or more
expanded area than that applied for by
Subpart B—Maximum Contaminant Levels
the State is appropriate, he or she shall
also include a statement of the reasons 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for in-
why the finding differs in scope from organic chemicals.
that requested in the State’s applica- 141.12 [Reserved]
tion. 141.13 Maximum contaminant levels for tur-
bidity.
(3) If the Administrator finds that a
complete prohibition is inappropriate
Subpart C—Monitoring and Analytical
under this paragraph, he or she shall
Requirements
deny the application and state the rea-
sons for such denial. 141.21 Coliform sampling.
(4) For the following waters the dis- 141.22 Turbidity sampling and analytical re-
charge from a vessel of any sewage, quirements.
whether treated or not, is completely 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and ana-
lytical requirements.
prohibited pursuant to CWA section
141.24 Organic chemicals, sampling and ana-
312(f)(4)(B):
lytical requirements.
(i) Two portions of the Hudson River 141.25 Analytical methods for radioactivity.
in New York State, the first is bounded 141.26 Monitoring frequency and compliance
by an east-west line through the most requirements for radionuclides in com-
northern confluence of the Mohawk munity water systems
River which will be designated by the 141.27 Alternate analytical techniques.
Troy-Waterford Bridge (126th Street 141.28 Certified laboratories.
Bridge) on the south and Lock 2 on the 141.29 Monitoring of consecutive public
water systems.
north, and the second of which is
bounded on the north by the southern APPENDIX A TO SUBPART C OF PART 141—AL-
end of Houghtaling Island and on the TERNATIVE TESTING METHODS APPROVED
FORANALYSESUNDERTHESAFEDRINKING
south by a line between the Village of
WATERACT
Roseton on the western shore and Low
Point on the eastern shore in the vicin- Subpart D—Reporting and Recordkeeping
ity of Chelsea, as described in Items 2
and 3 of 6 NYCRR Part 858.4. 141.31 Reporting requirements.
(ii) [Reserved] 141.32 [Reserved]
141.33 Record maintenance.
[41 FR 4453, Jan. 29, 1976, as amended at 42 141.34 [Reserved]
FR 43837, Aug. 31, 1977; 60 FR 63945, Dec. 13, 141.35 Reporting for unregulated contami-
1995; 63 FR 1320, Jan. 8, 1998; 67 FR 35743, May nant monitoring results.
21, 2002; 77 FR 11411, Feb. 27, 2012]
Subpart E—Special Regulations, Including
§140.5 Analytical procedures. Monitoring Regulations and Prohibition
In determining the composition and on Lead Use
quality of effluent discharge from ma-
141.40 Monitoring requirements for unregu-
rine sanitation devices, the procedures
lated contaminants.
contained in 40 CFR part 136, ‘‘Guide- 141.41 Special monitoring for sodium.
lines Establishing Test Procedures for 141.42 Special monitoring for corrosivity
the Analysis of Pollutants,’’ or subse- characteristics.
quent revisions or amendments there- 141.43 Prohibition on use of lead pipes, sol-
to, shall be employed. der, and flux.
Subpart F—Maximum Contaminant Level
PART 141—NATIONAL PRIMARY
Goals and Maximum Residual Dis-
DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
infectant Level Goals
R
F
with C Subpart A—General 141.5f0or Moragxainmicu cmo ntcaomntianmanintsa.n t level goals
OD Sec. 141.51 Maximum contaminant level goals
PR 141.1 Applicability. for inorganic contaminants.
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Environmental Protection Agency Pt. 141
141.52 Maximum contaminant level goals Subpart J—Use of Non-Centralized
for microbiological contaminants. Treatment Devices
141.53 Maximum contaminant level goals
for disinfection byproducts. 141.100 Criteria and procedures for public
141.54 Maximum residual disinfectant level water systems using point-of-entry de-
goals for disinfectants. vices.
141.55 Maximum contaminant level goals 141.101 Use of bottled water.
for radionuclides.
Subpart K—Treatment Techniques
Subpart G—National Primary Drinking
141.110 General requirements.
Water Regulations: Maximum Con- 141.111 Treatment techniques for acryl-
taminant Levels and Maximum Resid- amide and epichlorohydrin.
ual Disinfectant Levels
Subpart L—Disinfectant Residuals, Disinfec-
141.60 Effective dates. tion Byproducts, and Disinfection By-
141.61 Maximum contaminant levels for or- product Precursors
ganic contaminants.
141.62 Maximum contaminant levels for in- 141.130 General requirements.
organic contaminants. 141.131 Analytical requirements.
141.63 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) 141.132 Monitoring requirements.
for microbiological contaminants. 141.133 Compliance requirements.
141.64 Maximum contaminant levels for dis- 141.134 Reporting and recordkeeping re-
infection byproducts. quirements.
141.65 Maximum residual disinfectant lev- 141.135 Treatment technique for control of
els. disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors.
141.66 Maximum contaminant levels for
Subparts M–N [Reserved]
radionuclides.
Subpart O—Consumer Confidence Reports
Subpart H—Filtration and Disinfection
141.151 Purpose and applicability of this
141.70 General requirements.
subpart.
141.71 Criteria for avoiding filtration. 141.152 Effective dates.
141.72 Disinfection. 141.153 Content of the reports.
141.73 Filtration. 141.154 Required additional health informa-
141.74 Analytical and monitoring require- tion.
ments. 141.155 Report delivery and recordkeeping.
141.75 Reporting and recordkeeping require- APPENDIXA TOSUBPARTO OFPART141—REG-
ments. ULATEDCONTAMINANTS
141.76 Recycle provisions.
Subpart P—Enhanced Filtration and Dis-
Subpart I—Control of Lead and Copper infection—Systems Serving 10,000 or
More People
141.80 General requirements.
141.81 Applicability of corrosion control 141.170 General requirements.
treatment steps to small, medium-size 141.171 Criteria for avoiding filtration.
and large water systems. 141.172 Disinfection profiling and
141.82 Description of corrosion control benchmarking.
treatment requirements. 141.173 Filtration.
141.83 Source water treatment require- 141.174 Filtration sampling requirements.
ments. 141.175 Reporting and recordkeeping re-
141.84 Lead service line replacement re- quirements.
quirements.
141.85 Public education and supplemental Subpart Q—Public Notification of Drinking
monitoring requirements. Water Violations
141.86 Monitoring requirements for lead and
141.201 General public notification require-
copper in tap water.
ments.
141.87 Monitoring requirements for water
141.202 Tier 1 Public Notice—Form, manner,
quality parameters.
and frequency of notice.
R 141.88 Monitoring requirements for lead and 141.203 Tier 2 Public Notice—Form, manner,
CF copper in source water. and frequency of notice.
with 141.89 Analytical methods. 141.204 Tier 3 Public Notice—Form, manner,
OD 141.90 Reporting requirements. and frequency of notice.
PR 141.91 Recordkeeping requirements. 141.205 Content of the public notice.
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Pt. 141 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–13 Edition)
141.206 Notice to new billing units or new ADDITIONALWATERSHEDCONTROL
customers. REQUIREMENTSFORUNFILTEREDSYSTEMS
141.207 Special notice of the availability of
141.520 Is my system subject to the updated
unregulated contaminant monitoring re-
watershed control requirements?
sults.
141.521 What updated watershed control re-
141.208 Special notice for exceedance of the quirements must my unfiltered system
SMCL for fluoride. implement to continue to avoid filtra-
141.209 Special notice for nitrate tion?
exceedances above MCL by non-commu- 141.522 How does the State determine
nity water systems (NCWS), where grant- whether my system’s watershed control
ed permission by the primacy agency requirements are adequate?
under §141.11(d).
141.210 Notice by primacy agency on behalf DISINFECTIONPROFILE
of the public water system.
141.530 What is a disinfection profile and
141.211 Special notice for repeated failure to who must develop one?
conduct monitoring of the source water 141.531 What criteria must a State use to
for Cryptosporidium and for failure to de- determine that a profile is unnecessary?
termine bin classification or mean
141.532 How does my system develop a dis-
Cryptosporidium level.
infection profile and when must it begin?
APPENDIX A TO SUBPART Q OF PART 141— 141.533 What data must my system collect
NPDWR VIOLATIONS AND SITUATIONS RE- to calculate a disinfection profile?
QUIRINGPUBLICNOTICE 141.534 How does my system use this data to
APPENDIX B TO SUBPART Q OF PART 141— calculate an inactivation ratio?
STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE 141.535 What if my system uses
FORPUBLICNOTIFICATION chloramines, ozone, or chlorine dioxide
APPENDIXC TOSUBPARTQ OFPART141—LIST for primary disinfection?
OF ACRONYMS USED IN PUBLIC NOTIFICA- 141.536 My system has developed an inac-
TIONREGULATION tivation ratio; what must we do now?
Subpart R [Reserved] DISINFECTIONBENCHMARK
141.540 Who has to develop a disinfection
Subpart S—Ground Water Rule benchmark?
141.541 What are significant changes to dis-
141.400 General requirements and applica- infection practice?
bility. 141.542 What must my system do if we are
141.401 Sanitary surveys for ground water considering a significant change to dis-
systems. infection practices?
141.402 Ground water source microbial mon- 141.543 How is the disinfection benchmark
itoring and analytical methods. calculated?
141.403 Treatment technique requirements 141.544 What if my system uses
for ground water systems. chloramines, ozone, or chlorine dioxide
141.404 Treatment technique violations for for primary disinfection?
ground water systems.
141.405 Reporting and recordkeeping for COMBINEDFILTEREFFLUENTREQUIREMENTS
ground water systems. 141.550 Is my system required to meet sub-
part T combined filter effluent turbidity
Subpart T—Enhanced Filtration and Dis- limits?
infection—Systems Serving Fewer Than 141.551 What strengthened combined filter
10,000 People effluent turbidity limits must my system
meet?
GENERALREQUIREMENTS 141.552 My system consists of ‘‘alternative
filtration’’ and is required to conduct a
141.500 General requirements.
demonstration—what is required of my
141.501 Who is subject to the requirements
system and how does the State establish
of subpart T?
my turbidity limits?
141.502 When must my system comply with 141.553 My system practices lime soft-
these requirements? ening—is there any special provision re-
141.503 What does subpart T require? garding my combined filter effluent?
FINISHEDWATERRESERVOIRS INDIVIDUALFILTERTURBIDITYREQUIREMENTS
R
CF 141.510 Is my system subject to the new fin- 141.560 Is my system subject to individual
with ished water reservoir requirements? filter turbidity requirements?
OD 141.511 What is required of new finished 141.561 What happens if my system’s tur-
PR water reservoirs? bidity monitoring equipment fails?
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Environmental Protection Agency Pt. 141
141.562 My system only has two or fewer fil- 141.707 Grandfathering previously collected
ters—is there any special provision re- data.
garding individual filter turbidity moni-
toring? DISINFECTIONPROFILINGANDBENCHMARKING
141.563 What follow-up action is my system REQUIREMENTS
required to take based on continuous 141.708 Requirements when making a sig-
turbidity monitoring? nificant change in disinfection practice.
141.564 My system practices lime soft- 141.709 Developing the disinfection profile
ening—is there any special provision re- and benchmark.
garding my individual filter turbidity
monitoring? TREATMENTTECHNIQUEREQUIREMENTS
REPORTINGANDRECORDKEEPING 141.710 Bin classification for filtered sys-
REQUIREMENTS tems.
141.711 Filtered system additional
141.570 What does subpart T require that my Cryptosporidium treatment requirements.
system report to the State? 141.712 Unfiltered system Cryptosporidium
141.571 What records does subpart T require treatment requirements.
my system to keep? 141.713 Schedule for compliance with
Cryptosporidium treatment requirements.
Subpart U—Initial Distribution System
141.714 Requirements for uncovered finished
Evaluations water storage facilities.
141.600 General requirements. REQUIREMENTSFORMICROBIALTOOLBOX
141.601 Standard monitoring. COMPONENTS
141.602 System specific studies.
141.603 40/30 certification. 141.715 Microbial toolbox options for meet-
141.604 Very small system waivers. ing Cryptosporidium treatment require-
ments.
141.605 Subpart V compliance monitoring
location recommendations. 141.716 Source toolbox components.
141.717 Pre-filtration treatment toolbox
Subpart V—Stage 2 Disinfection components.
141.718 Treatment performance toolbox
Byproducts Requirements
components.
141.620 General requirements. 141.719 Additional filtration toolbox compo-
141.621 Routine monitoring. nents.
141.622 Subpart V monitoring plan. 141.720 Inactivation toolbox components.
141.623 Reduced monitoring.
REPORTINGANDRECORDKEEPING
141.624 Additional requirements for con-
REQUIREMENTS
secutive systems.
141.625 Conditions requiring increased moni- 141.721 Reporting requirements.
toring. 141.722 Recordkeeping requirements.
141.626 Operational evaluation levels.
141.627 Requirements for remaining on re- REQUIREMENTSFORSANITARYSURVEYS
duced TTHM and HAA5 monitoring based PERFORMEDBYEPA
on subpart L results. 141.723 Requirements to respond to signifi-
141.628 Requirements for remaining on in- cant deficiencies identified in sanitary
creased TTHM and HAA5 monitoring surveys performed by EPA.
based on subpart L results.
141.629 Reporting and recordkeeping re- Subpart X—Aircraft Drinking Water Rule
quirements.
141.800 Applicability and compliance date.
Subpart W—Enhanced Treatment for 141.801 Definitions.
Cryptosporidium 141.802 Coliform sampling plan.
141.803 Coliform sampling.
GENERALREQUIREMENTS 141.804 Aircraft water system operations
and maintenance plan.
141.700 General requirements.
141.805 Notification to passengers and crew.
SOURCEWATERMONITORINGREQUIREMENTS 141.806 Reporting requirements.
141.807 Recordkeeping requirements.
141.701 Source water monitoring. 141.808 Audits and inspections.
141.702 Sampling schedules. 141.809 Supplemental treatment.
FR 141.703 Sampling locations. 141.810 Violations.
C 141.704 Analytical methods.
with 141.705 Approved laboratories. Subpart Y—Revised Total Coliform Rule
OD 141.706 Reporting source water monitoring
PR results. 141.851 General.
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§141.1 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–13 Edition)
141.852 Analytical methods and laboratory §141.2 Definitions.
certification.
As used in this part, the term:
141.853 General monitoring requirements for
all public water systems. Act means the Public Health Service
141.854 Routine monitoring requirements Act, as amended by the Safe Drinking
for non-community water systems serv- Water Act, Public Law 93–523.
ing 1,000 or fewer people using only Action level, is the concentration of
ground water. lead or copper in water specified in
141.855 Routine monitoring requirements §141.80(c) which determines, in some
for community water systems serving cases, the treatment requirements con-
1,000 or fewer people using only ground tained in subpart I of this part that a
water.
water system is required to complete.
141.856 Routine monitoring requirements
Bag filters are pressure-driven separa-
for subpart H public water systems serv-
tion devices that remove particulate
ing 1,000 or fewer people.
matter larger than 1 micrometer using
141.857 Routine monitoring requirements
for public water systems serving more an engineered porous filtration media.
than 1,000 people. They are typically constructed of a
141.858 Repeat monitoring and E. coli re- non-rigid, fabric filtration media
quirements. housed in a pressure vessel in which
141.859 Coliform treatment technique trig- the direction of flow is from the inside
gers and assessment requirements for of the bag to outside.
protection against potential fecal con- Bank filtration is a water treatment
tamination.
process that uses a well to recover sur-
141.860 Violations.
face water that has naturally infil-
141.861 Reporting and recordkeeping.
trated into ground water through a
AUTHORITY: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g–1, 300g–2, river bed or bank(s). Infiltration is
300g–3, 300g–4, 300g–5, 300g–6, 300j–4, 300j–9, typically enhanced by the hydraulic
and 300j–11. gradient imposed by a nearby pumping
SOURCE: 40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, unless water supply or other well(s).
otherwise noted. Best available technology or BAT
means the best technology, treatment
EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to
part 141 appear at 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9, 2004. techniques, or other means which the
Administrator finds, after examination
NOTE: For community water systems serv-
for efficacy under field conditions and
ing 75,000 or more persons, monitoring must
begin 1 year following promulation and the not solely under laboratory conditions,
effective date of the MCL is 2 years following are available (taking cost into consid-
promulgation. For community water sys- eration). For the purposes of setting
tems serving 10,000 to 75,000 persons, moni- MCLs for synthetic organic chemicals,
toring must begin within 3 years from the any BAT must be at least as effective
date of promulgation and the effective date as granular activated carbon.
of the MCL is 4 years from the date of pro-
Cartridge filters are pressure-driven
mulgation. Effective immediately, systems
separation devices that remove partic-
that plan to make significant modifications
to their treatment processes for the purpose ulate matter larger than 1 micrometer
of complying with the TTHM MCL are re- using an engineered porous filtration
quired to seek and obtain State approval of media. They are typically constructed
their treatment modification plans. This as rigid or semi-rigid, self-supporting
note affects §§141.2, 141.6, 141.12, 141.24 and filter elements housed in pressure ves-
141.30. For additional information see 44 FR sels in which flow is from the outside
68641, Nov. 29, 1979.
of the cartridge to the inside.
Clean compliance history is, for the
Subpart A—General
purposes of subpart Y, a record of no
MCL violations under §141.63; no moni-
§141.1 Applicability.
toring violations under §141.21 or sub-
This part establishes primary drink- part Y; and no coliform treatment
ing water regulations pursuant to sec- technique trigger exceedances or treat-
tion 1412 of the Public Health Service ment technique violations under sub-
R
F Act, as amended by the Safe Drinking part Y.
C
with Water Act (Pub. L. 93–523); and related Coagulation means a process using co-
D regulations applicable to public water agulant chemicals and mixing by which
O
PR systems. colloidal and suspended materials are
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Environmental Protection Agency §141.2
destabilized and agglomerated into a portion thereof, in which bacterial
flocs. colonies are not discrete.
Combined distribution system is the Consecutive system is a public water
interconnected distribution system system that receives some or all of its
consisting of the distribution systems finished water from one or more whole-
of wholesale systems and of the con- sale systems. Delivery may be through
secutive systems that receive finished a direct connection or through the dis-
water.
tribution system of one or more con-
Community water system means a pub-
secutive systems.
lic water system which serves at least
Contaminant means any physical,
15 service connections used by year-
chemical, biological, or radiological
round residents or regularly serves at
substance or matter in water.
least 25 year-round residents.
Compliance cycle means the nine-year Conventional filtration treatment
calendar year cycle during which pub- means a series of processes including
lic water systems must monitor. Each coagulation, flocculation, sedimenta-
compliance cycle consists of three tion, and filtration resulting in sub-
three-year compliance periods. The stantial particulate removal.
first calendar year cycle begins Janu- Corrosion inhibitor means a substance
ary 1, 1993 and ends December 31, 2001; capable of reducing the corrosivity of
the second begins January 1, 2002 and water toward metal plumbing mate-
ends December 31, 2010; the third begins rials, especially lead and copper, by
January 1, 2011 and ends December 31, forming a protective film on the inte-
2019. rior surface of those materials.
Compliance period means a three-year CT or CTcalc is the product of ‘‘resid-
calendar year period within a compli- ual disinfectant concentration’’ (C) in
ance cycle. Each compliance cycle has mg/1 determined before or at the first
three three-year compliance periods.
customer, and the corresponding ‘‘dis-
Within the first compliance cycle, the
infectant contact time’’ (T) in minutes,
first compliance period runs from Jan-
i.e., ‘‘C’’ x ‘‘T’’. If a public water sys-
uary 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; the
tem applies disinfectants at more than
second from January 1, 1996 to Decem-
one point prior to the first customer, it
ber 31, 1998; the third from January 1,
must determine the CT of each dis-
1999 to December 31, 2001.
infectant sequence before or at the
Comprehensive performance evaluation
(CPE) is a thorough review and anal- first customer to determine the total
ysis of a treatment plant’s perform- percent inactivation or ‘‘total inac-
ance-based capabilities and associated tivation ratio.’’ In determining the
administrative, operation and mainte- total inactivation ratio, the public
nance practices. It is conducted to water system must determine the re-
identify factors that may be adversely sidual disinfectant concentration of
impacting a plant’s capability to each disinfection sequence and cor-
achieve compliance and emphasizes ap- responding contact time before any
proaches that can be implemented subsequent disinfection application
without significant capital improve- point(s). ‘‘CT ’’ is the CT value re-
99.9
ments. For purpose of compliance with quired for 99.9 percent (3–log) inactiva-
subparts P and T of this part, the com- tion of Giardia lamblia cysts. CT for a
99.9
prehensive performance evaluation variety of disinfectants and conditions
must consist of at least the following appear in tables 1.1–1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of
components: Assessment of plant per- §141.74(b)(3).
formance; evaluation of major unit
processes; identification and CTcalc
prioritization of performance limiting
factors; assessment of the applicability CT
99.9
of comprehensive technical assistance;
R
CF and preparation of a CPE report. is the inactivation ratio. The sum of
with Confluent growth means a continuous the inactivation ratios, or total inac-
OD bacterial growth covering the entire tivation ratio shown as
PR filtration area of a membrane filter, or
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§141.2 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–13 Edition)
measurement point for which the par-
∑(CTcalc) ticular ‘‘T’’ is being calculated. Dis-
( )
CT infectant contact time in pipelines
99.9
must be calculated based on ‘‘plug
is calculated by adding together the in- flow’’ by dividing the internal volume
activation ratio for each disinfection of the pipe by the maximum hourly
sequence. A total inactivation ratio flow rate through that pipe. Disinfect-
equal to or greater than 1.0 is assumed ant contact time within mixing basins
to provide a 3-log inactivation of and storage reservoirs must be deter-
Giardia lamblia cysts. mined by tracer studies or an equiva-
Diatomaceous earth filtration means a
lent demonstration.
process resulting in substantial partic-
Disinfection means a process which
ulate removal in which (1) a precoat
inactivates pathogenic organisms in
cake of diatomaceous earth filter
water by chemical oxidants or equiva-
media is deposited on a support
lent agents.
membrance (septum), and (2) while the
water is filtered by passing through the Disinfection profile is a summary of
cake on the septum, additional filter Giardia lamblia inactivation through
media known as body feed is continu- the treatment plant. The procedure for
ously added to the feed water to main- developing a disinfection profile is con-
tain the permeability of the filter tained in §141.172 (Disinfection
cake. profiling and benchmarking) in subpart
Direct filtration means a series of P and §§141.530–141.536 (Disinfection
processes including coagulation and fil- profile) in subpart T of this part.
tration but excluding sedimentation Domestic or other non-distribution sys-
resulting in substantial particulate re- tem plumbing problem means a coliform
moval. contamination problem in a public
Disinfectant means any oxidant, in- water system with more than one serv-
cluding but not limited to chlorine, ice connection that is limited to the
chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and
specific service connection from which
ozone added to water in any part of the
the coliform-positive sample was
treatment or distribution process, that
taken.
is intended to kill or inactivate patho-
Dose equivalent means the product of
genic microorganisms.
the absorbed dose from ionizing radi-
Disinfectant contact time (‘‘T’’ in CT
ation and such factors as account for
calculations) means the time in min-
utes that it takes for water to move differences in biological effectiveness
from the point of disinfectant applica- due to the type of radiation and its dis-
tion or the previous point of disinfect- tribution in the body as specified by
ant residual measurement to a point the International Commission on Radi-
before or at the point where residual ological Units and Measurements
disinfectant concentration (‘‘C’’) is (ICRU).
measured. Where only one ‘‘C’’ is meas- Dual sample set is a set of two samples
ured, ‘‘T’’ is the time in minutes that collected at the same time and same
it takes for water to move from the location, with one sample analyzed for
point of disinfectant application to a TTHM and the other sample analyzed
point before or at where residual dis- for HAA5. Dual sample sets are col-
infectant concentration (‘‘C’’) is meas- lected for the purposes of conducting
ured. Where more than one ‘‘C’’ is an IDSE under subpart U of this part
measured, ‘‘T’’ is (a) for the first meas- and determining compliance with the
urement of ‘‘C’’, the time in minutes
TTHM and HAA5 MCLs under subpart
that it takes for water to move from
V of this part.
the first or only point of disinfectant
Effective corrosion inhibitor residual,
application to a point before or at the
for the purpose of subpart I of this part
point where the first ‘‘C’’ is measured
R only, means a concentration sufficient
F and (b) for subsequent measurements of
D with C ‘f‘oCr’ ’,w tahtee rt itmoe mino vmei nfruotmes tthhaet pirte tvaikouess troio rfo wrmal las opfa ass pivipaeti. ng film on the inte-
O
PR ‘‘C’’ measurement point to the ‘‘C’’
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Environmental Protection Agency §141.2
Enhanced coagulation means the addi- Ground water under the direct influence
tion of sufficient coagulant for im- of surface water (GWUDI) means any
proved removal of disinfection byprod- water beneath the surface of the
uct precursors by conventional filtra- ground with significant occurrence of
tion treatment. insects or other macroorganisms,
Enhanced softening means the im- algae, or large-diameter pathogens
proved removal of disinfection byprod- such as Giardia lamblia or
uct precursors by precipitative soft- Cryptosporidium, or significant and rel-
ening. atively rapid shifts in water character-
Filter profile is a graphical represen- istics such as turbidity, temperature,
tation of individual filter performance, conductivity, or pH which closely cor-
based on continuous turbidity meas- relate to climatological or surface
urements or total particle counts water conditions. Direct influence
versus time for an entire filter run, must be determined for individual
from startup to backwash inclusively, sources in accordance with criteria es-
that includes an assessment of filter tablished by the State. The State de-
performance while another filter is termination of direct influence may be
being backwashed. based on site-specific measurements of
Filtration means a process for remov- water quality and/or documentation of
ing particulate matter from water by well construction characteristics and
passage through porous media. geology with field evaluation.
Finished water is water that is intro- Gross alpha particle activity means the
duced into the distribution system of a total radioactivity due to alpha par-
public water system and is intended for ticle emission as inferred from meas-
distribution and consumption without urements on a dry sample.
further treatment, except as treatment Gross beta particle activity means the
necessary to maintain water quality in total radioactivity due to beta particle
the distribution system (e.g., booster emission as inferred from measure-
disinfection, addition of corrosion con- ments on a dry sample.
trol chemicals). Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) mean
First draw sample means a one-liter the sum of the concentrations in milli-
sample of tap water, collected in ac- grams per liter of the haloacetic acid
cordance with §141.86(b)(2), that has compounds (monochloroacetic acid,
been standing in plumbing pipes at dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic
least 6 hours and is collected without acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibro-
flushing the tap. moacetic acid), rounded to two signifi-
Flocculation means a process to en- cant figures after addition.
hance agglomeration or collection of Halogen means one of the chemical
smaller floc particles into larger, more elements chlorine, bromine or iodine.
easily settleable particles through Initial compliance period means the
gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechan- first full three-year compliance period
ical means. which begins at least 18 months after
Flowing stream is a course of running promulgation, except for contaminants
water flowing in a definite channel. listed at §141.61(a) (19)–(21), (c) (19)–(33),
GAC10 means granular activated car- and §141.62(b) (11)–(15), initial compli-
bon filter beds with an empty-bed con- ance period means the first full three-
tact time of 10 minutes based on aver- year compliance period after promulga-
age daily flow and a carbon reactiva- tion for systems with 150 or more serv-
tion frequency of every 180 days, except ice connections (January 1993–Decem-
that the reactivation frequency for ber 1995), and first full three-year com-
GAC10 used as a best available tech- pliance period after the effective date
nology for compliance with subpart V of the regulation (January 1996–Decem-
MCLs under §141.64(b)(2) shall be 120 ber 1998) for systems having fewer than
days. 150 service connections.
GAC20 means granular activated car- Lake/reservoir refers to a natural or
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§141.2 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–13 Edition)
Large water system, for the purpose of clude the system operator. Minimum
subpart I of this part only, means a elements include review and identifica-
water system that serves more than tion of atypical events that could af-
50,000 persons. fect distributed water quality or indi-
Lead service line means a service line cate that distributed water quality was
made of lead which connects the water impaired; changes in distribution sys-
main to the building inlet and any lead tem maintenance and operation that
pigtail, gooseneck or other fitting could affect distributed water quality
which is connected to such lead line. (including water storage); source and
Legionella means a genus of bacteria, treatment considerations that bear on
some species of which have caused a distributed water quality, where appro-
type of pneumonia called Legionnaires priate (e.g., whether a ground water
Disease. system is disinfected); existing water
Level 1 assessment is an evaluation to quality monitoring data; and inadequa-
identify the possible presence of sani- cies in sample sites, sampling protocol,
tary defects, defects in distribution and sample processing. The system
system coliform monitoring practices, must conduct the assessment con-
and (when possible) the likely reason sistent with any State directives that
that the system triggered the assess- tailor specific assessment elements
ment. It is conducted by the system op- with respect to the size and type of the
erator or owner. Minimum elements in- system and the size, type, and charac-
clude review and identification of teristics of the distribution system.
atypical events that could affect dis- The system must comply with any ex-
tributed water quality or indicate that pedited actions or additional actions
distributed water quality was im- required by the State in the case of an
paired; changes in distribution system E. coli MCL violation.
maintenance and operation that could Locational running annual average
affect distributed water quality (in- (LRAA) is the average of sample ana-
cluding water storage); source and lytical results for samples taken at a
treatment considerations that bear on particular monitoring location during
distributed water quality, where appro- the previous four calendar quarters.
priate (e.g., whether a ground water Man-made beta particle and photon
system is disinfected); existing water emitters means all radionuclides emit-
quality monitoring data; and inadequa- ting beta particles and/or photons list-
cies in sample sites, sampling protocol, ed in Maximum Permissible Body Bur-
and sample processing. The system dens and Maximum Permissible Con-
must conduct the assessment con- centration of Radionuclides in Air or
sistent with any State directives that Water for Occupational Exposure, NBS
tailor specific assessment elements Handbook 69, except the daughter prod-
with respect to the size and type of the ucts of thorium–232, uranium–235 and
system and the size, type, and charac- uranium–238.
teristics of the distribution system. Maximum contaminant level means the
Level 2 assessment is an evaluation to maximum permissable level of a con-
identify the possible presence of sani- taminant in water which is delivered to
tary defects, defects in distribution any user of a public water system.
system coliform monitoring practices, Maximum contaminant level goal or
and (when possible) the likely reason MCLG means the maximum level of a
that the system triggered the assess- contaminant in drinking water at
ment. A Level 2 assessment provides a which no known or anticipated adverse
more detailed examination of the sys- effect on the health of persons would
tem (including the system’s moni- occur, and which allows an adequate
toring and operational practices) than margin of safety. Maximum contami-
does a Level 1 assessment through the nant level goals are nonenforceable
use of more comprehensive investiga- health goals.
tion and review of available informa- Maximum residual disinfectant level
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with resources, and other relevant practices. added for water treatment that may
D It is conducted by an individual ap- not be exceeded at the consumer’s tap
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Environmental Protection Agency §141.2
adverse health effects. For chlorine and has a measurable removal efficiency of
chloramines, a PWS is in compliance a target organism that can be verified
with the MRDL when the running an- through the application of a direct in-
nual average of monthly averages of tegrity test. This definition includes
samples taken in the distribution sys- the common membrane technologies of
tem, computed quarterly, is less than microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nano-
or equal to the MRDL. For chlorine di- filtration, and reverse osmosis.
oxide, a PWS is in compliance with the Near the first service connection means
MRDL when daily samples are taken at at one of the 20 percent of all service
the entrance to the distribution system connections in the entire system that
and no two consecutive daily samples are nearest the water supply treatment
exceed the MRDL. MRDLs are enforce- facility, as measured by water trans-
able in the same manner as maximum port time within the distribution sys-
contaminant levels under Section 1412 tem.
of the Safe Drinking Water Act. There Non-community water system means a
is convincing evidence that addition of public water system that is not a com-
a disinfectant is necessary for control munity water system. A non-commu-
of waterborne microbial contaminants.
nity water system is either a ‘‘tran-
Notwithstanding the MRDLs listed in
sient non-community water system
§141.65, operators may increase resid-
(TWS)’’ or a ‘‘non-transient non-com-
ual disinfectant levels of chlorine or
munity water system (NTNCWS).’’
chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide)
Non-transient non-community water
in the distribution system to a level
system or NTNCWS means a public
and for a time necessary to protect
water system that is not a community
public health to address specific micro-
water system and that regularly serves
biological contamination problems
at least 25 of the same persons over 6
caused by circumstances such as dis-
months per year.
tribution line breaks, storm runoff
Optimal corrosion control treatment, for
events, source water contamination, or
the purpose of subpart I of this part
cross-connections.
only, means the corrosion control
Maximum residual disinfectant level
treatment that minimizes the lead and
goal (MRDLG) means the maximum
copper concentrations at users’ taps
level of a disinfectant added for water
while insuring that the treatment does
treatment at which no known or an-
not cause the water system to violate
ticipated adverse effect on the health
any national primary drinking water
of persons would occur, and which al-
regulations.
lows an adequate margin of safety.
MRDLGs are nonenforceable health Performance evaluation sample means
goals and do not reflect the benefit of a reference sample provided to a lab-
the addition of the chemical for con- oratory for the purpose of dem-
trol of waterborne microbial contami- onstrating that the laboratory can suc-
nants. cessfully analyze the sample within
Maximum Total Trihalomethane Poten- limits of performance specified by the
tial (MTP) means the maximum con- Agency. The true value of the con-
centration of total trihalomethanes centration of the reference material is
produced in a given water containing a unknown to the laboratory at the time
disinfectant residual after 7 days at a of the analysis.
temperature of 25 °C or above. Person means an individual; corpora-
Medium-size water system, for the pur- tion; company; association; partner-
pose of subpart I of this part only, ship; municipality; or State, Federal,
means a water system that serves or tribal agency.
greater than 3,300 and less than or Picocurie (pCi) means the quantity of
equal to 50,000 persons. radioactive material producing 2.22 nu-
Membrane filtration is a pressure or clear transformations per minute.
vacuum driven separation process in Plant intake refers to the works or
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