Table Of Content>
PARASITOIDS OFTHE AUTUMN GUM MOTH, MM-SAMPKLA PRIVATA
IGLENEE) (LEPIDOPTKRA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA,
WITH DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW LARVAL PARASITOIDS
by R. Iv Snii'MAciii'ir, A. D. Austin1 & R. B. h.oyd
Summary
Stiu MA< in u. K. K-. AtS'tiN A. J)- $ I'lo\i>. K Il I-MIOO) PtirOjJhMdS ot Ififc autumn pun* mntlv, Mm \ntnfjrla
t>n\.tln (faience) iKcpidnptcta (ieoinetndae) it) sonlh-easlerii Australia. \vi||i description nf Iwo nos hnval
lurasiloids. r/tafc A'. S/n V, /WW. !J4i I i, |-15, 31 May, 2<M
Parasiioids wok- tewed from cocoons present in larval .shelters o\~Mtmmupciupnwiiu ((.iuc-neet collected ai
Alli>n;i ;mt| Shcpparion. Victoria uiuf Canberra il yneham KkIiic).ACT. I'he most common primary paruMloul
\v;tN a gregarious bnconid wasp, described Ikml us {fiisiit eco/mvnw/e Austin sp. rtflV, This spctios aiiaeked
host larvaeul nil locutionsuikteuicicted liomthe louilllol"HI'lli iuslar. pupaline,yiveatiousty-A seeom'liraconid,
dseupsccrrhicbieadilhverseimAis(liali\pttoiiti'h,ttytictt'w/ii'cvniumHtiwcm,iant'tlaciktedAuesatrilnymispt.aitiov.hot-w-iaslarIovameulan:dil lif.JytnocclmicumycRtkligncv.mTihiilsiupluroausinlhomidt\i\l\tih>
msiar m pupate ijuyariuusly. One oilier solitary primary parasiloid, t W/ftfrirJ tltitWt Jcimun & (amid
(Iclincimiomdacj. emerged frfitfl t'otmli or fifth iiiMar larvae and pupated eviernally Ai ItfiKi Five Speifics o!
hypcrpaiasitoids emerged liom Hit: cocoons ol l\ f*tfw>ij*trf\ ac collected in Victoria: two s|jccics of l\<hvnnn\
\ l< hnciHiionitlaci, XfcMHfi'Httx sp, (Icunciuuorndac), I'fustmtx sp. (Hasmidae) ami A/t'c't/hjrfrto sp.
<Picu>malidac). svitfoneol'lhe/v</r^w<o fpeeife* hfcifig mostcommon.The larval-pupal parasiloui lUnrojuInut
Xiitpnxut/tiMotleyi ;Ichneumonidae)emerged liom 10'v ot pupae reared brim larvaecolleeied in ilicACTover
the ^anie [Kriod as adulls nf \t WivaUt. Se\ and viability sipVftfieiinflV influenced the vvciehl ol' pupae of (W
IHivatti butpupae piirasilised by II va//iowmicould noi beseparated iisiniiwviHti. Noie.sand an llflistKiltd key
.no ptovided to racdilalL' lln-easv idefililiL-jbon ol lite parabiont-..
\\\\ Wokds: Auninm yaun inoih, MtiVAtrnfJi'ltl }>nv<tin, i.it'iiriieiridae. (jlspUipuiUcUw. C>Ivmu. (^mitwrhU
fli-i,'r,tftrhnn. htJmm.is, \l,\l>,it.truv I l<i\nih\, iU^thlt>ytlis. tJracomdac. Icrincumoniduc Masmidae.
I'l.-mmalidae.
Intnuliu'tion UasMord PJ7H; Roberts & Sawlell MJSI; rillinti c/ ul
I99D- M.l.ou P>«>3; Neumann I'MJ.V. Phillips P."H,
The auliimn jtucn aiolh. Mnvsuinpcla private Pairow c/ 1// l^sM-). Outbreaks can be economically
(Cjiicnoei ((iconictrkbtcj is endctnic to Australia iincl costly lis severe del'olialion can ivviuce the eiowib c-l
occurs lhioii*iboui ihe soullvcListcni and soulb- trees(Ploytl & harrow fV941 ffftvl may evenlually kill
wcsiiMit paiis ol the conlmciil as well a8 ravaiiaiua ihem If defoliation occurs over several successive
(McQuillan I9M.S; Abbull \W}\. I.arvac \w\ on a year, (Came d <//. P>74i.
wide range nl'eucalyp! species(MoQuJIail rW5l but CuiTcnlly, inaua^cnieiu ol'oudmjaks of\L firivUM
prefer die juvenile foliage ol lives in (he blue ^UPli consists o| hroad-scale sptayuig Willi iK)n-s|>ecillc
'jronpfFJIioit &. Uashlord WlX), \\hich includes Ihe clieimcal itiseclicides (tie Lillle I^.SI 1; ({(lioil c/ <//
inij>orlanl plantalum species fjunt\f>tux mictt\ IVW); Neumann P>'M; Plnlhps I'WV Neumann ^
H-Vaue & Maiden! Maiden and £. '^lolvdus l.ahili. Colleti P>1J7|. These chemicals have undesirable
lAlrt>oll I9IW; Hashl.ml IWV Neumann CW3s elleels on the cnvttonmeni. may exacerbate
Phillips 1^3). M/ti'sat/tfh'lu pnvura can occur in outbreaks ol' A/ privuftt and oilier defoliators by
liii'h numbers in youn^. even a^ed srunds of planted eliniinalinj: natural enemies and may indium
eucalypts anil cause seveiv dcluliatinn fBllinU t^. inscctieide .cs.stance iHulTake.- [980; Kiscb P>S7,
Neumann I*•**>_! h Alternative pest inanaycinenl
leehnio,ues such as biological conlroh luri»et-specilu
I>ep;n0n.'nio) lt(nim> anaAtitlojv AllHirallSH S:uii>i»;iUiniwrsny chemicals and silvicnltmal methods have the
('MnlVFiTi M'l 0.^1(1 |b(urii aaan&! IXprtrinWnl i'i"/«»»i.>^> uml potential to minimise environmental damage autl
I1.-mVpatln>li"nvMVlit|hAe|»IplMtIeV-tLl.-..VIIM,i'mtIiTtiJiulcnuiirl-.lt-cJlnidM'0y10WnMlT't,V':/f.clUlffrtlh.Hit ctuilributc \o susiainable tnitnayeincul practice.
ItnixwhiV] "I \LlL-l;iide(tltnf^HKHitl SA 50'>l iHullakcr P>Nt): Ohnutri P>')0: Floyd cV Patrxnv
( SIK'Oi-.!th.(ii(,h.i'V, IH) tin* 17110,C,.iiIumt;iACM ^tlU- \9LH)\ IbiWevei. successful implement;!!mit o! in.v
ni Unit. P W, «0>S|i \ a-idv "| \U*_ ;iuuiinn guxn iii'Mli, pest maiia^cmenl programme requires a thorough
I'Wl'nuni^.llWnA.M'/W'MC.iW^I.Iiif./ifwolh.WotMtlit.ilHl. I<IiKiifillI|.'nn.tvt,it'"HI-.lO|i'tI|il|m*Miinl.h"emlii,.i.i (Aiscvt'nietiiraiirrulUj'.l'M-,:,it eknneomwileesdg(eOoh\mnIhne e\c9o%l\o.gyOoefsptihteeptehset ainmdpoirttsannacleuraidl
R.K.St IK MM (Ilk.A. [ft AUSTINA R I*. ILOYD
M ptiwhl asi\ pest there have been few studiesoTits weeks. A linal check was made alter IH tlays. Adult
biology (e.g. blliott & Rashford l*J7R: tic Little parasiioals were renuwed as lhc> tmcr^Cil OJld
IOKI*; l.ukucs L99^)Wld hdormulUHKOUcemiity n pkio.d in TO1/- elhanol.
parasitoids is fragmentary.
The ;imii r>T ilns siuil\ was in identify ptirtrtitnufc //p',\/ .iyt fWcfrrt'tU e
and hyperparasiloid.s associated Willi ihc larvae ol A7. rlb investi-jale the host age pivteieuee ot larval
finuifti tn the ACT and Victoria, conduct an parasiunds, a range ofavailable inslars was colleili'd
imcsli^ation Ot" parasttoid host aye preference and Iiim'i £ -. MCOStitlt) ;it I yneham kidgc u\) iagln
examine the influcnceofsex.viability and parashisni occasions in llW. Collections were made 2-3 week>
(HI the pupal weijjfu of M. fvivaitt. A key tu life aiiait. over the period that larvae were present ie,nlv
parasitoid species reared in (his study is given and May to laic August,!. On each occasion .2 12 irecs
two new braeotud species. Cuttsui ,ec"'/k7/7i tu weiv inspected and 'jruiips ol' t 10 (median ot' 5,5)
Austin sp. nov and (/{yptufwttttt&t mw^am/wla larvae collected born each lice. Larvae were rcaivd
mm
Austin sp. nnv. are descubed. in ventilated plastic containers 1 120 diam. \ l's
mm
high), provided with a small branch oTjuvenile
MaUnaN and Methods / ! f, ht(ttstuui, the stemofwhich was placed ihroueh
a hole ui Ihc basv ol the coul;uncr and into watei
Sttni\ \f(cs below, b'oliagc was changed Iwtce weekly, l.uvae
2C
The study was undertaken ai two siles in Victoria were reared at 2.*^ t undef natural liplu
Ml
Hi Nepleilil><-i |lJ02 amOiWt>HC \V 'tie during late conditions. When larvae or pupae ofparasitoids were
autumn and winter and 1004. The sites in obsClVcd Willi a dead <a dying W. ppfWtM kirva, thv
\ a ioiia comprised a plantation olWk. yjulvtlus dale, number ol patasitoids present and Ihc instar ol
yfohnlns ai Altona (ML SO! S. iW L). and a the hnsi larva were recorded- Larvae thai died lor
linn plaining at Shepparton {MV 20' S. 145- LV ha reasons otherthan patasilisation were not included Wl
.•ompieaiie /:. i», '•i>>httftf.s. /.'. y. fsnuloyluhulus and t]nc analysis. Head capsule si/c was used ID estimate
/ i< />/<-iKKhiio. Kolli locations had heavy infcslala>us ihe larval utslai of W, I'riwUi ihllnMt cK: liashlmd
ol M. lunula (up to |(jtf9fr delolialion by larvae) Tin. I07K), Parasiloid larvae or pupae were removed to
\<"l site was at l.yiieham Ixidge. Canberra i.\V M individual ventilated vials <2 cm diam. \ X citl highl
V I40 (V T), comprising mixed eucalypt specie; and incubated at 22 I 2 C unlil the adults emcre.al
Wllicll were on|\ bulilly infested by 1/ t<r*^itn Ndiihs a.-il' stored in 70$ e-dianuk
tnp|Ho\hnalcl> OS defoliation by larvaei,
I
Pupal H'*%isW
l\'*'tiruty fUini\tiotit\ Mnt-samin-lu I'nvufu larvae uillccted bom
t'aia-aioids WCfC te.uvd from lak-inslar larvae ot Lyncham Ridge thaL pupated succcsslully weie
M [tlV'Ufih the lonnei having, pupated in the Icul-bug wcejtied witluit tlrfCO days Of pupation. Uucli l"1^1
in wliu.li host l.irvne shelterduring the day (l-llioll & was ineuhaled in a scnlilaied vial t20 mm diaia ^ SO
Uashlord 107X; McQuillan tOK.U leal bag: mm highi at a temperature of 4.0 ± 0.5' C and 70'i
COttfliUiRjg lute-inslar host larvae and paiasiu.n! relative hunndity until late October. In Novcmka
cocoons were collected from 44 h. .<,». yieha/tn ill l-iipiu- kyCfC |il(H,.eil aulvule in naiural ligbl mm\
Allona. and approximately 10 lives(comprising /- g n-niiu-iMinir icrimes and relative hnmidii)1 was
\;h>hnltfs, /-.. jt», f>Mti<i(>yJ<>htt(n,\ and I'.. & hit'itflujii) at mainlaincd at 70'v . I'ujtae were in:-.|u\inl nn»nihl\
.Shepparinn. One leal baj: containing lalc-insbit from mid-Jaiuuuy lor llic emcigcnce ol parasitoids
1.1 s.k- -ma p.ir.i. .mid cocoons wa,s collected Iroin ft. or adult SL pi'tvalu, Parasitoids cjnergimr' from hosl
y. hltmWhi at Lyiieham Ridge in talc August 1004. pupae wcrr stored in 70ry eihanok The se\ of adult
finch parasifokt cocoon lor u'roup ot cocoon*, dial \l. i'ti\uni was deter ed using the uioiphologv ol
wcu ,|'iin icavdki 'ii the instances ot' multiple ihe frenulum (tlild l.llioti <^ Rashford I07Xi and lhai
parasUr-tui was nanmcil horn Hie leut-tijg, placed in nf uon viable pupae by the position of ihc genital
a se.ilil.iled vial \1 cm 'liani \ <v' em high! and seal (l.awivnic ,7 .//. 1^0 i. One way \NO\Aw,..-.
incubaicl al :i' i ! <_ AppioMir.ately \M such pcihtrmcd to lest if the outcome "( pupae yA W
sample^ resutk-d iroin makrial colleued Iroin privuttt \\x. the enieigencc ofcilhci a male ot female
Allona- 13 !a«m Shepparton and mie bom I ynehum aduh M- ppjWttU* an adult parasiloid or the death ot
kidge. VutlS ^,.'c!e cheeked weekly until parasitoids the pupae) influenced vvcigbl al pupalion t-Sokal ^'
beuan i-i ciiki-.c and dien every 1-3 days for Iwo Kolilf 10X1 i. with significantly dillcrent groups
separated by Sthcffe\ test ol multiple contrasts l/ar
/i |0X4l. A i-lu-st|itaie eooiliH-^-.U fu k-si wa>. nsc<l pp
luuipuMilihltfItthif\'»\'"t>>mUilIl"vklml>.II.I.'vM^i(iI,lu-mHvitI i.nivutIiu:.-mtt.v ",I-"..IjMIMIMiHlu, .c.o\mppeacrKedibce.h-ocv orlatio1s:1ol(pSuojk>aaet acn\cd aKdouhlltls wiIt'-hmia)n.
7
MAKASUOIDSOFTIFAHItlMN (IIIM MOIII
IViMMHi\ ehi-squate VWta performed lo determine il ttclolivv frcufiti'tn y of piirtisttoiil\ reorcJ Jnnti
Mieec-slul pupation lo adult WilS independent caf the parasiloid t<nonus pivxiitt in h'ttf-ha^s
sox ofthe pupa (Sofeal & Kohl! 1981). Of die 130 samples collected Irom Ahona. ol)
resulled in the emergence oft ^t'ctfnhuoc undAu
Results its hyperparasiloids (536 individuals! and Ml wilh C
micro (Table I), while 51 did not yield any
I'UKtSttOtilCOIflfl/tW parasiloids. The 13 samples Irom Shoppaiiou
Cocoons formed by (wo species of primary resulted in lour wilhoul emergence, lour w(lh (
pftrflsitoich vwsrc prc&ni in ihc Icat-hags collated &i UCfHtwtrh(it uud/or ils hyperparasiloids { 1
Allona and Shcpparlon (Tabic 1 1. The- mosl common individuals) and five with (.". tnicnt. flic single
cwoacsoownhi,tem,adabeoubly4Cnmtm&iiiNn ItfcPnMpNl&hfati&uflttf1o(uBnrdueionngirdoaucp)s. s1a4mpilndeivciodlulaelcstedofin(_'.IV*^-c>4unanictLryinceochaTmhReidcgoecoyoinesldeidn
spun together wi]b silk. The other type of cocoon. each group oi C yeomefnaw wore not counted ot
Toniled In ( uMnornt nth ra Jennan ik. ClanId examined closely for prioremergence, so it was not
(Ichueutnonidaeh was mottled orange brown, about possible todetermine lite average nuinhei ofcocoons
t> Mitt in length and solitary. Five .species taf per group based on the number that emerged, or lo
hypcrparasiloid.s emerged from the cocoons of (_'. calculate accurately the relative freiptciu-y ol
Wttmvtrirtw (Table |), the most numerous being a successful emergence. nou-\lability and hyper-
species ol f.silnntnts (lehneuniouidae) (hereafler paraNitisation. Bearing this in mind, about one-thud
referred to as f,\thotuu\ species A). A second species ofthe groups ol (\ xconictrimc cocoons resulted in
of hilmmas tfffltrottutto species B). Megadhyltfs sp. the exclusive emergente o( C ^vometriciiv* one
il'leromalidaeK A/t'w/rhnrns sp. (IchncumonidaeJ third resulted in an initial emergence of C,
and l-'I(/,\tmts >p, thlasmidaej also emerged from the womctitcae followed by the emergence ol I\Jrottms
cocoonsofC. xt'ttrtu'trh'LH'.Gvtvtiiugeomvtni'Uvalso sp. A Irum the remainderofthe cocoons <N.H. six of
emerged Irom cocoons present in the leaf-bag these yroups also yielded ht/twmi.s sp. B.
collected at Lynehum Ridge in 1994. However, C Attigadtcytos sp. and \jc\oihoriL\ sp. after an initial
Ht't'iih-triinr was not roared from larvae collected at emergence of C xcnnictr'uuc). ami onc-lhird
I<yneham Ridiic in W3. Inslead, anolher braconid, exclusively yielded hyperparasiloids.teiftviiwsp.A
Cilxptojuintclvs miwsainp^ht. pupated in groups of hdromas sp, B, /l/ceW/cv/t/v sp. and Mcsot/toru.\ sp.
one or two while cocoons external to the lule-iusiar emerged from cocoons collected in Ahona, anil
host iTablc 2,i. CusitntrUtmicro was alsoWr3eared from htlrotnus sp A and V.7</,\w//\ sp. from .Shcpparlon
a larva collected at iyncbam Ridge in and Hie ( Tabic I >. Thus, al Ihc hvo silos in Victoria. C
larval-pupal parasiloid, Uctrroprhno \vuposittn ^cornetncor was the mosi frequent prittWJ
iMorley) (Iclinenmonidae) emerged fiom lire pupae parasitoitl ol larvae but aboul half of ils cocoons
ol M. piiYUiti reared over Ihc summerof lc.K>3-94. wore liyporparaMlised. primarily by lufromo\ sp A
Tabu. 1. P<tni\tr<'itf,\pecic\c///ery///yfrWon.t <oto<?/o owociittcd with ihc Lirvuv ofMnesampcla pnvuia i ,>f/c(tn}in
\ltnna oit<iSftcppurt(,n. \ichnio in / |:Tolal nurrbet ol cocoons pergroup wasnot counied.
Cocoon type Bteie^v S)>eeics t'nieryed Allenj SIlL'pp,irlon
Nn. c>{ oftotal No, Ne. ,V oft-Mal No.
nulivicluaf- ndividuals indi\iditjts individuals
White, lJriin.uy ( Meant y,i'<>tii{'iric4fr 252 47,0 4 23,6
gregarious paritsiluiil
- Hyperparasiloid fs<tn>/nn\ Hg.A 24fi 4s.U 10 5SM
\ft',\tn h>>r!t\*p. IS 3.4 -
- I\,lr<mttis sp. \\ II :i (i -
Mcv,ihlit\'!a\sp. i-7 <•
J.litMHHS sp. - ? ,7 7
Total Nn. individuaN 53o - 17 -
'Mctji;m No. (\ 4 -
ttl cmergenccs/prniii'
Oralis. Prtmary Cn\innn<i Mliii Id 5 -
solitary pura.sitoiil
v
R. K. SailiMACULR.A. 1).AUSTIN & R. B. Fl OYO
TaiiI 2- haasiiisarioti oflarvae ofMucsuinpeUi privatu collectedati.ytiehamRidge fCtinbcrrtt, \CT) in f$#j 'Jhi
i
/<»-/ Coiesiu aeometricae n't/.\ teniaIfromparasitoidcocoonspresent ino M. pnvaia leafha\>.
\1. nriviitci collection Parusiloid emergence
Dale Insiar Dale Host insiar No. emeraed Parasiloid spdCitJK
3/05/93 22/W3 (dypttipcmivlv-
iimesitnipetu
3/l>5/93 2 22/06/93 4 (i ntncsatnpeLi
m 3 22AM03 4 (i.mnesuttipcln
2/07 4 1 1707/93 5 Ciniiuniumuni
<'asttiariatnictvoccurred less frequently ami did m»i inadult Alpnvaiaand HKv. resulted in theemergence
appear lo have any hyperparasitoids. EstimatesqFthe of// siap<>sttm. Thus, the larval-pupal parasitoid //
relative frequency of larval parasiluids ai Lvnehain SCCtpOSU?}} was the most successful parasiloid
Riduc in |994 OOPId not be made as only a single allocking larvae al Lynehani Ridge In [0ft3.
sample was collected and a comprehensive survey
was not undertaken. Hoxt agepreference
Three larvaecollecled in theirsecondorthird iustar
Keltitive frequency of flftruaiUyids reared from yielded G innesampt la in ihe fourth instar(Tabic 21.
ndleeted larvae o/M. privala This result shows that G. tn/uwampela can parasitise
The 426 larvae OfM. pnvaia collected al I.yneham second instar hosts. The possibility thai llrsl instar
Ridge in 1993 yielded only tour individuals of (1 hosts can be parasitised was not confirmed and
nnwsainpela and one of C. miera and neither species insufficient parasitoids were reared lo determine if
was hyperparasitised (Table 2). The collection of fit, later hosl iilslars are also vulnerable. The hosi age
privatu larvae preventedhyperparasiiism ofparasitoid preference of C. intern is unclear as only one hoM
cocoons ami probably limited hyperparasiiism via the larva, collected in its fourth instar, was parasitised.
larval host. However, none of (he larvae collected in Heteropvlmu scaposnm were observed attempting i"
their founh or (fftti instar t284 ) contained secondary parasitise both early- and lale-inslar larvae of M.
paiasitoids. stigeesiing that the frequency ol' private) in Ihe field. However. percent parasiiism by
hyperparasiloids was very low at this site. Fifty-six //. seaposttm did not increase significantly with host
percent of pupae resulting from collected larvae died age suggesting that purasitisatioo of later iustars was
before mid January 1994, 34% pupated successful! nol as successful (Table 3).
\ui i v Pencm emergence of the lorwil-pitfwlp<ttasitoiil. Ileieropelma scaposum. in retainm fci (lw insim of uhi<h as
host, MriesumpeUtprivala. KitscodatedIxitvluim Ridge K'onhtrro.ACTJ
Insiarol No, pupae '> emergence
M-pitvttfa
ai collection //, \i>w nam At.privota Noemergence
S7
\ I
\U
10
II) 34
T\m i 4. Effect ofthe outcome ofpupae tm ihe rtW#6l Vfpupae ofMnesainpela pnvaia three du_\.\ afterpupation*
•- p <_(/$$} Sthcffcs festofmultiple <ontrasts.
Outcome Mean weichl + S£(mat
Adult mahJ M.privnla v, aduli female M. piivuta 149+3,7 v. 127+3.2 17.68*
Male pupae lhai tAlcd v. female pupae lhaidied I30±3.l v. IOl>+2.o 26AV
M
Adtlll privnla v. pupae tlial died 140+2.8 v. 119+2.2 31.B9*
AdullM-private/ V. adult //, \c<ip<<Mttn I40±Z'R v, 142+5.8 i.iT46
Aduli // scopi'Miin v. pupae thatdied N?t\Kv, 1in+2.2 17.44-
1 1 '
PARASrrOIDS OF1HKAI It \IN <it \\ M< »l1
(Jnpul wfi^iit parasitised pupae resulting in adull //. \ntposiw*
The outcome of pupae (categorised by the {Table 4). Pupae resulting in adult female ;V/.privutti
emergence of either u male or female adull M. were significantly heavier than those resulting in
pnmht. an adult /7. S'.upcsnin or the death til the mules. However, the weights of pupae resulting in
pupae) significantly influenced the weight of pupae adull //. \cupo\titn were not significantly differeni
at pupatinn (P= 22.4; df= 4,200: /* < CU001 ). Pupae from those nfpupae resulting in adults ofSf, pnvota
thai died were significantly lighter than both pupae (Table 4). The sex ratios ofpupae ofA7.privtitu (not
that successfully produced adult M pmvta and including pupaethat resulted in //. siuposum)andM.
pvivalu that emerged as adults were 1:1.04 i n = IKS)
and 1:1.33 (n = 12) (male : female) respecti\els.
Neither ratio was sigudicanlly differeni from 1:1 (X*
- 0.085 and IJ89 respectively, lW = |. p ^ 0.05),
Successful pupation svas independent of die sex ol
the pupa (X: = l.fil;di'= l;/;>0.05)
BibJQgX pantiitoidh
<>J
Family Rraeonidae
t <-" Coltwtii wonwti'HiW Austin sp. uov.
3 &
GlspUipimtclvs mntsumpcLi AuMin sp. nov.
L (Fiass. 9, 10,.
I- Ml known Npeeie.s of the mierogastcrine genera
CtHisia anil (Jiyptiipanft'U.s are endoparasiloids ol
&
macrolepidopierans (Ausiin Daugerfield 1992)
IJaji ultcrctilli'cliun
although there is no previous record ol eitliei iienus
parasitising larvae of \f private/. The species reared
V (' i.'*<"''''''"'•'"I'idltifU'lj during this study are unknown and described below
as two new species. CoW.sut and Glyptapittiteles can
U /m/i.>)/'.f.v'-p. 1 i'ui.i"ii'j linn,ffliiic..'-."Hiilmh.ii.-.| itt»fir?frM<hi1 he easily recognised from other parasiloids
associated with this host by the absence ofvenation
hijU I temporal pattern ol emcigeiiLC ol the gregarious in ihe distal part ofllie fore wing, Ihe absence ofvein
pnmars pariisiioiil Ct>/r\ttt ^nnwiviio sp, nnv„ ami Us 2meu (Fig. 5). Ihcir small si/e and dark colour.
liypemui'iisiUiiil IsilrnnuisSO. A. from yroups ol"loloous Superficially, they are similar lo each other and could
associated with the 1aiv;ie of MiUMituprla pm,iiu beeasily misidenliliedasasinglespecies. However,(he
((iiii-'nci.-)collected ai Alloiia.Viclnrij- shape andsculpturingofthe firstandsecondnietasomal
lergiles can be used lo readily separate tfierfl (Figs 9,
10)(seedescriptions below for furtherdetail).
Glyptdpunit'lfs mth'sionpt'tu can parasitise second
instar larvae ol M. privafa although it is nol known il
llrst or later instars are also vulnerable. FinaFinsiar
hitvac Of O- "tncMtt/iptht and C. mainvfrhvc emerge
from the penultimaie or Pinal instar of M. pin'ttiiK
aggregate and |>uj>ate near the host remains, \\us life
i history is consistent with other members or
Ha (iiypktpiink'U-s and CowsiiJ except that nol all species
__ I J=L binethseolsietatrwyo(gAeunsetrianar&e gDreagnagreirotuise;ldsom19e92a)r.e kAdnuolwln(lo
lli-fcrti. lM>,.h.lue M\mr.M- ii- -.J i>i'tmu'friiLU'emerged I.V24daysalierthecollection oi
I'.rii.>1>(Una iheucoLOonsat (hefieldsite inAltona,Vicloriatfag. 1 >
Family klineuinoriidae
Ca.v'thtriit nn'in/ Jcrman & Gauld
LJ I.'Hill, 1/ ,,...„„ (FIGS X I2i
Ptg.1.Temporalpatternofemergenceo! adult MiwsumpvUi
ivivtitd (Gut-nee) and ihe larval-papal parasiuud Alt known species o\' (\isituiria are solilai^y
Ui'h'ioiH'Imu.ww/mwwf (Morlo>•). endoparasiloids of lepidopteran larvae. This study
R K. SCHUMACHliR.A. D. AUSTIN & R. B. FLUYl)
M
provides the first record off. micro reared from Hie speeinieus reared from cocoons in Victoria \wmv
private. Specimens ofa Casinaria were reared from all solitary emergences which occurred 15-27 days
M. privatu larvae collected by Elliott and Bashford aftercollection.
(I()7K) but were not identified to species. In this
study. C. micro killed late-iustar larvae. This result Hi'iaopelmu scaposum (Moticv)
differs from that of Jerman and Gauld (1988) who (FIGS 6, 14)
observed C. micro killing Mtwsartwela (species not
specified) in an early instar. However, Allen (1990} This species is a common solitary larval-pupal
found adultsofC. micra emerging from mid- to lale- parasiloid with numerous host associations including
inslar larvae of Ihoha Ite'cns Walker (Noctuidac). Punirxttda oustrolosio (F.) (formerly Piggtesfa
MigS 3-K. Wings, t-ig. 3. Casinarutmicra Jerman & Gauld. Fig. 4. MestHhorus sp. Fig. 5. GlypkifHwlefcs nineson\pchi sp,
nov. Fig.6. Hetempt-1maxcaposwii(Morley). Fig, 7.Melodicyfas sp. Fig.8.Elasimts sp. Scalebars=0.5 mm 3 5. 7: 1.0
mm 6; 2(H) um S.Abbreviations: a= arcolet; pi =pterosligma; st= stigmal vein.
PARASITOIDS OFTHEAUTUMN CUM MOTH
Figs9. 10. Prppodeumand nieUisomaltergites 1-3. Fig.9.Cotcsiu^ciuiiclritacsp. nov. Fig. 10.Cilyputptmfclrsnutesampcla
sp. nov. Scale bars = 100 urn.
ausiraiasia) (I.asiocampidae) and the agriculUiral first instar larvae of M. privata but none in later
pests llelicoverpa armi^cra (llubner) and instars. Larvae of //. smposuni do noi develop
Spodopicra I/tura F. (NocUiidae) (Gauld I984i. In beyond the first instar until the host pupates (Gauld
these associations //.scaposum parasitises its host in 1984). The average weight of pupae that yielded H.
an curly instar (Gauld 1984). it lias previously been scaposum was not significantly different from that of
identified as a larval-pupal parasitoid of M. privata the meanweight ofviable pupae (Table4). indicating
in Tasmania and Victoria (de Little 1981'; Lukacs that parasitism by H. scaposum does not influence
1999-), In this study, //. scaposum appeared to be the behaviourorgrowth oflarval hosts.The temporal
most successful in parasitising early-instar larvae patterns ofemergence ofmale and female M,privata
(Table 3). This is consistent with early inslurs ofM. and //. scaposum were similar (Fig. 2) with most
private not forming proiective leaf bags and thus emerging between mid-February and mid-March.
being more vulnerable to parasitoid attack and with
the fact that larger late-stage larvae exhibit more Isdromas spp.
effective defensive responses (rearing and (FIG. 13)
regurgilaling drops oi' lutcafypfus-scciMed fluid)
(Elliott & Bashford 1978; Schumacher, pers. obs.). isdromas species are commonly reared as
In addition, Lukacs ( 1999-1) observed oviposition in hyperparasitoids from small ichneumonid oi
K. K. SCHUMACHER.A. D. AUSTIN & R H. FLOYD
AJ
^
FtgS II. 12. Lateral mctasnma. Fifc, I I- MtxotIhhh\ sp. Kii<t 12. Cu\htariu tmvm Jotman A; GatlM. bigs 13, 14. Dorsal
mclasoma (sculpturing iu>t shown). Fig 13, htlnnmn sp A. Pig: 14. thhrofwhitti tCafltmm (Morley). Figs 1.5, In. Himl
teg, F|g. 15. Ehstmis sp. Fig. 16. Mi'^uhixhn sp. Scale bars - 1.5 nun II. 12: 0.5 mm 13. 15. 16; 1.0 mil) M.
Abbreviations; c\-co.\a, f= lemur.
bracouid cocoons, particularly from microgastriue parastloids. especially mierogaslerinc hraconids
braconids. although they arc also recorded as (Gauld 1984;Allen 1990). IfrthtestudyMc$odH>ru.\
primary parasitoids of a range of Icpidoptcran hosts sp. was reared from cocoons ol ( _ ^iwmt'fruiw
(Ciaukl I9K4). There arc aboul 30 species known Species of McMnhnrits also parasitise Ci>it'\itt
from Australia, all except three are undescrihed iimfntc Auslin & Alien (Braconidac) and C. witty
including the iwo species reared during the present via (V. Itwtis (Austin & Allen 1989: Allen IWO). as
study. There is no doubt that ihey are well as ihe lachinid parasitoid.s oi'P(/nip.\i\ u/ttinur'nt
hvperparasiloids in Ihe cocoons of C. geoifictriciH' Oliviei (Colcoptcra:Chrysomelidae) ideLittle 19X2)
(Tabjc h given that no other cocoons were present and Permit spp. (Hymcnoplcra: Pergidaei (Came
I
and Ihe larval cadaversofM, privattt were not left in 1969).
Ihe rearing vials. The peak of the subsequent
emergence of Isifrotnus sp. A occurred 11-16 days Family Elasmidae
after (\ ^conwli'nac emergence (Fig. I K Elusmtis sp.
(FlOSS. 15)
\1<>xtH/wrns sp.
(IIC.S 4, II) Members of this genus are obligate
hyperparasitoids of Lepidoplera. One species. /
Mi'Kotlnnits spp. are hyperparasilic on the uitstralit'iisi.s Girault. has been reared from C. micru
endophtigous larvae oi' Braconidac and Tacfnnidac and two miemgastnne braconicls via IK fti.Hi'tis, lit
(Gauld I9N4). Within Icpidoptcran hosts. meso- this study only three specimens ofEUtsmus sp. were
chorines will often attack sreuarious endo- reared from C gCDftfttrlcue via M. prtiWti and ihev
IHKASiminSOFTIIKAH11 MNtitM MOIli
may bf similarly parasitic on C minxi ahhoueh this 2. Fore wing with venation distal to ptcrostiuma
association Was |td| *.unlirmed- wanting (Fig. 5i. vein 2meti absent
iBraconidael }
,
Family Pterumahdae Fore wing with distal veins present and welb
A/i',i,'</(//VvA/v ^p pigmented, vein 2meu present |T%$ 3. 4, Gl
(i'l(iS7, \U) llchncumonidae) 4
3. Propodeum and nietasomal (ergiles I and 2
Mcgthlity/'M spp_ are primary parasiloids of virtually smooth: tergite I narrowing apically;
lepidoplcrau larvae and pupae in cocoons, or lire tergite 2 with subtriangular median field (Fig.
hyjx"rparavili»i(K on them. They Iwnvc previously I0,i........XHyptttpu/Ui'lt'.s tniii'Mit/iptlu sp. nov.
been associated wilh several lepidopleran lamil es. hopodeum and melasomal teigiu-s l and 2
as well as nncrogusmne braeonid cocoons (Boucek wilh obvious dense pimctaliou. tergite I
1'WNl This fs the lirsc record erf a species hting moderately broad, parallel-sided; tergite 2
rearetl Inun A/, pvivtifa. !t is most likely a broad and rectangular(Fig. 9). ,
hvpcrparasiloid of C". yvomvlrivui' as tlV> oilier Cotc.wa wtficfricae sp. nov.
coeoon types were noticed and Ihe cadavers of M, 4. Fore wing wilh an areolet (Figs 3. 4) 5
fuivimt liuvae were not left in the rearing vials- Only Fore wing wilhoui an areolet (Fig. 6i 6
one species hits been recorded from Australia. M. 5. Scuium and propodeum densely punctate oi
Jubm.s ((iiianlti hui the association wirh M pthkW rugulosc: ovipositorvery sborl, not pnMriiding
pasl posterior melasomal tergiles (Fig. 12)
has nol been eonrinvied as llus -.pecics. mm
(body 7-N in lenpih. dark brown to black,
legs reddish: ^ genitalia without pair of long
Olher patasitrids associated with
iods>., Ctisinanu m/r/v/Jerman & tianld
Mm'stjmpi'ltiprh-iiht
(Ichueumomdac and lathmidae) Scutum and propodeum generaIty unsculp-
tured (except for piopodeal caruiae and
Apart from the species discussed above a number inicropuuclures associaied wilh pilosilyi:
ovipositor about /t lo '/ length ot metasonia
osMltudnp.lyr.hivcTarthipetayrbaisininlctolhiueddsseehwtaheserebiecnehonntcptrrieeicvnooirnodiuedsdslyiEnrritebha<er>e>pdur\eisrfeornpr,tn 1bp1arinogw,onfMalv)omInig(bdroaorddkyserp.r'mo-a4trrkumidnimnggs.ipno_s:lteegnregiitouhrt,laybyaelvl\uolwi
Mi%u\ rnu puiiana Morleyk Fristicems sp,. )
I ;\h.\(nhoni,s sp.
Ctlta"ieKthnTif:nHt'dpGiucfuKlUysIpi.K1IaI9ni*do4i;'t!AL&nuutkaBrteassshspf.Io.'rWadn-d)1<a>(n7T8au;bulitedieen5)tL.idtitOcldfe ft, (iMFFeiiig.ga.sbo14Hm)a:tllboteroredgyiwtelmeyn1gntwhairlarhboowrualadin2ad0lmvceemrl,yl eeijlloonn1gg1aa)tt1ee2
these species, all haveIven reared from iW,privtiiu in mm; hend and mesiistuna blacky legs and
Tasmania wilh ihe exception MfM. fwxtwu which is mclasoma yelluw HMirange brnwnj.-
-
vkinaioiwldn o(InlVyS4f1rormecVoircdteordiaaniGatuilidiknlol)wKn4i.spHeocwieesvero,f Metasum,.a.ir,,t.e,rltgciftvet(>Iprbbr/io<atde\nmipnigt\HafpHicia\HUy»rilleivg).
Mcxitntitt from M. pn'\'u(u in lasnuiiiia imd i" is 13); lorewing wilh radial cell short and broad
very likely (obe tinsspecies. Rased on thebiologyof Ibody length 2.3-3.2 mm nol including V
oihei species belong lit* to these ichneumonid ovipositor: head and mc.>osoma black,
genera, all of Ihem are probably solitary primary metasoma enber dark or yellow with dark
La-bnldeuIpta)reaxsaitmoiindes mtattiearuiladl olf*)tXh4efseWspeeciheasveandnostobheaevne 7- mSiarmkuinmgss»mo[fost<h/r;ot/Wtiurseswppi,ng) stigm,.a.,of cle.a.7r
! I
not included Ihem in the Lev. allhoneli their in posterior half, while anteriorly, r' evenly
ibNiiibution ami biological characteristics arc liansluceuL legs yellow: metasoma eitherdark
compared with the species recorded in ihe present anil sometimes with lightertransverse bands at
sludy inTable 5. suiurcs or yellow wilh darkei markings
IsthiMuis sp. A
Key to Ihe parasiloids ofMnevampvlaprivata al Senium willi dense punetale sculpturing; fore
the three study sites wing stigma of V ami ' evenly dark; lore and
mid legs light brown, hind legs dark brown;
I. bore wing wilh relatively complete venation metasoma dark brown to black
(Figs 3 b); small to large species.> 2.5 mm in _... ....Jsiirontus sp. B
icngtn ,...- X Hind coxa developed as large fbil disc; hind
bore W4Dg wilh pigmented venation reduced tO libia with distinct criss-cmss pattern of setae
asnpteecriieosr. <ma2r.g5imnmtFiingsle7n,gtKh); minute to smal#l (sFhiogr.i 1(5F)i;g.foKr>e; whiontlgy wdialrhk,sllieggmuallavaenind vleereys
;
1(1 R. K. SCHUMACHER. A. D. AUSTIN & R.B. FLOYD
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