Table Of ContentCurrent Topics in
Microbiology
120 and Immunology
Editors
A. Clarke, Parkville/Victoria . R.W. Compans,
BirrninghamlA labama . M. Cooper, BirminghamlA labama
H. Eisen, Paris· W. Goebel, Würzburg . H. Koprowski,
Philadelphia· F. Melchers, Basel· M. Oldstone,
La Jolla/California . R. Rott, Gießen· P.K. Vogt, Los Angeles
H. Wagner, Ulm . 1. Wilson, La Jolla/California
Parasite Antigens in
Protection,
Diagnosis and Escape
Edited by R.M.E. Parkhouse
With 17 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
R.M.E. PARKHOUSE, MD
National Institute for Medical Research
The Ridgeway, Mill Hill
London NW7 lAA, United Kingdom
ISBN 978-3-662-09199-9 ISBN 978-3-662-09197-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-09197-5
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or
part ofthe material is concerned, specifically those oftranslation, reprinting, re-use
of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar
means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 ofthe German Copyright Law where
copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesell
schaft Wort", Munieh.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1985
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1985.
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1985
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 15-12910
The use of registred names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply,
even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore [ree for general use.
Product Liability: The publishers can give no guarantee for information about
drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual
case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceu
ticalliterature.
2123/3130-543210
Preface
An estimated 2-3 billion people in the less developed countries
suffer from infections, often multiple, caused by a variety of
parasitic organisms. These infections are frequently debilitat
ing rather than fatal, and the toll in human misery is fearsome.
To this may be added the prevalence of similar diseases in do
mestic animals, which diminish supplies of animal pro tein. As
the world population increases, the already enormous problem
also continues to grow. The resources of the less developed
nations are inadequate for solving the problem, and in the de
veloped countries a lack of interest in tropical diseases has
meant low priority for research. Two recent methodological
advances now raise the real possibility ofa systematic and effec
tive attack upon these diseases - hybridoma and recombinant
nucleic acid technologies. The combination ofthese with the
still necessary clinical, parasitological and imrnunological in
formation permits a logical, planned and realistic approach to
diagnosis and treatment. The central aim ofthese modem tech
niques is to define antigens with regard to diagnosis, protection
and pathology. In the case of some diseases, work has already
commenced along these lines; in the case of others, knowledge
lags a long way behind.
This volume represents a summary of current knowledge
about a wide, representative spectrum of tropical diseases.
There is considerable common ground between the different
infections as regards objectives and the methods for achieving
them. Some ofthe more sophisticated investigations associated
with, for example, malaria and schistosomes, are thus relevant
to the less explored coccidia or nematodes. The book is not int
ended to be a "current state-of-the-art" volume. Rather, it pre
sents the approach of modem biologists to the understanding,
diagnosis and elimination oftropical diseases. The range of ex
perience with the widely different models should therefore pro
vide a unifying intellectual basis. Although not all the parasites
reviewed are equally weIl understood and investigated, the int
ellectual and technical approaches, focussing as they must on
chemically defined antigens, contribute a linking theme and
VI Preface
constitute the basis for the elimination of these terrible dis
eases.
Autumn 1985 R.M.E. PARKHOUSE
Table of Contents
RJ. TERRY: Introduction. . . . . . 1
M.E. RosE: The Eimeria. With 1 Figure 7
A CHAYEN and B. A VRON: Entamoeba Histolytica,
Antigens and Amoebiasis. With 1 Figure 19
1. ALEXANDER and D.G. RUSSEL: Parasite Antigens,
Their Ro1e in Protection, Diagnosis and Escape:
The Leishmaniases. With 6 Figures . .. .. 43
c.1. NEWBOLD: Parasite Antigens in Protection,
Diagnosis and Escape: Plasmodium. With 1 Figure 69
H.P.A HUGHES: Toxop1asmosis: The Need for Improved
Diagnostic Techniques and Accurate Risk
Assessment. With 3 Figures . . . . . . . 105
M.J. TURNER: Antigens of African Trypanosomes.
With 2 Figures . . . . . . . . . .. . 141
L.1.S. HARRISON and RM.E. PARKHOUSE: Antigens of
Taenüd Cestodes in Protection, Diagnosis and Escape . 159
N.M. ALMOND and RM.E. PARKHOUSE: Nematode
Antigens. With 2 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . 173
A1.G. SIMPSON and S.R SMITHERS: Schistosomes:
Surface, Egg and Circu1ating Antigens. With 1 Figure . 205
D.L. HUGHES: Trematodes, Excluding Schistosomes
with Special Emphasis on Fasäola . . . . . . . 241
Indexed in Current Contents
List of Contributors
ALEXANDER, 1., Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology,
University of Strathclyde, The Todd Centre, Glasgow G4
ONR, Scotland, United Kingdom
ALMOND, N.M., Division ofImmunology, National Institute for
Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7
lAA, United Kingdom
AVRON, B., Department of Biophysics and Unit for Molecular
Biology of Parasitic Diseases, The Weizmann Institute of
Science, 76 100 Rehovot, Israel
CHAYEN, A., Department of Biophysics and Unit for Molecular
Biology of Parasitic Diseases, The Weizmann Institute of
Science, 76 100 Rehovot, Israel
HARRISON, L.1.S., University of Edinburgh, Centre for Tropical
Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian
EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
HUGHES, H.P.A., Department of Immunology, St. George's
Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17
ORE, United Kingdom
H UG HES, D .L., AFRC Institute for Research on Animal Diseases,
Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG16 ONN, United Kingdom
NEWBOLD, c.I., Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Uni
versity of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Ox
ford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
PARKHOUSE, R.M.E., National Institute for Medical Research,
The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW71AA, United Kingdom
ROSE, M.E., Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton,
Huntingdon, Cambs. PE17 2DA, United Kingdom
X List of Contributors
RUSSELL, D.G., Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Correns
strasse 38, D-4700 Tübingen
SIMPSON, A.J.G., Division ofParasitology, National Institute for
Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 lAA, United King
dom
SMITHERS, S.R., Division of Parasitology, National Institute for
Medical Research, Mill HilI, London NW7 lAA, United King
dom
TERRY, R.J., Department of Applied Biology, Brunel University,
Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
TURNER, M.J., Merck Sharp & Dohme, Research Laboratories,
126 E. Lincoln Avenue, P.O.Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
Introduction
R.J. TERRY
When Michael Parkhouse first approached me concerning this book, I asked hirn
whether I could delay writing the Introduction until I had seen what there was to intro
duce. I am glad that he agreed, because it not only makes my task easier, but it also
allows me to congratulate my fellow contributors on their most scholarly and extre
mely useful reviews. Although I have tried to keep up with developments in as many
areas as possible, I was startled by the amount ofinformation we now have on the anti
gens of some parasites, and could not help contrasting our present knowledge with
that available to me when I first became interested in the immunology of parasites,
exactly 30 years ago.
There were at that time two books dealing with the subject, that by T ALIAFERRO
(1929) and the more recent review by CULBERTSON (1941). They were both extremely
well-written books, full of interest and speculation, but without much hard informa
tion. KABAT and MAYER (1948), in their extremely important treatise on immunoche
mistry, never once mentioned parasite antigens. BOYD (1956) accurately summarized
the state of play in his sentence - "Parasites of course contain proteins but the chemi
stry of those proteins is very imperfectly known." (!)
I should perhaps add that our general understanding of immunology was very
imperfect at this time. The studies ofPorter and Edelman, which were to lead to the
elucidation of antibody structure, were just getting started, and it was to be some
years before Gowans was to show conclusively that the smalllymphocyte was the ce 1-
lular basis ofthe immune response. And yet, the techniques which were going to lead
directly to our present level ofunderstanding were in many instances already devel
oped.
TISELIUS and KABAT (1939) had applied the technique of electrophoresis to im
mune sera and purified antibodies, and had shown that most antibodies had y-mobili
ty and could be separated from other serum proteins. KUNKEL and TISELIUS (1951)
and SMITHIES (1955) had demonstrated that electrophoresis could be carried out on
paper and starch gels, respectively, which provided permanent records ofthe separa
tions. SVEDBERG and PEDERSEN (1940) had described ultracentrifugation and how it
might be used to separate macromolecules, whilst OUDIN (1946) and OUCHTERLONY
(1949) had described their techniques for immunoprecipitation in agar gels. The tech
niques of electrophoresis and diffusion in agar gel had recently been combined by
GRABAR and W ILLIAMS (1955) to provide a tool with great analytical properties, whilst
COONS et al. (1942) and EISEN and KESTON (1949) had begun to label proteins with
fluorescent markers and radiolabels, respectively.
Department of Applied Biology, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Vol. 120
© Springer-Verlag Berlin . Heidelberg 1985
