Table Of ContentPan o an L an gua ges
an d L i n gu ist i c s
DAVID W. FLECK
American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers, Number 99
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PANOAN LANGUAGES
AND LINGUISTICS
2013 FLECK: PANOAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 3
PANOAN LANGUAGES
AND LINGUISTICS
DAVID W. FLECK
Division of Anthropology
American Museum of Natural History
Adjunct Research Associate, Department of Linguistics
University of Oregon
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Number 99, 112 pages, 1 map, 11 tables
Issued October 10, 2013
Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2013
ISSN 0065-9452
4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 99
2013 FLECK: PANOAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 5
CONTENTS
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 9
Classification and inventory of Panoan languages and dialects .................................................... 9
Ethnonyms and orthography .......................................................................................................... 12
Former misconceptions about the Panoan family ...................................................................... 17
On dialects and languages ................................................................................................................ 19
Panoan internal classification and Panoan dispersal ................................................................. 21
Relations to other South American families ....................................................................................... 22
Panoan-Takanan relations ................................................................................................................ 22
Other proposed genetic ties beyond the family ............................................................................ 24
Contact with other Amazonian groups and Kechua speakers .................................................. 24
History of Panoan linguistics ................................................................................................................ 26
The Jesuits (1640s–1768) .................................................................................................................... 26
The Franciscans (1657–1930s) .......................................................................................................... 28
Foreign travelers of the 1800s ........................................................................................................... 32
European philologists of the late 1800s .......................................................................................... 34
A new generation of list collectors and linguists (1900–1930s) ................................................ 34
The Summer Institute of Linguistics (1940s–present) ............................................................... 37
University academics (1970s–present) ........................................................................................... 39
Priorities for future research .................................................................................................................. 41
Typological overview .............................................................................................................................. 43
Phonology ........................................................................................................................................... 43
Morphology ........................................................................................................................................ 43
Syntax ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Ethnolinguistic features ....................................................................................................................... 45
Linguistic taboos ................................................................................................................................ 45
In-law avoidance speech ................................................................................................................... 45
Weeping kinship lexicon .................................................................................................................. 45
Lingua francas and pidgins ............................................................................................................. 46
Ceremonial languages ....................................................................................................................... 46
Gender-specific speech ..................................................................................................................... 46
Game synonymy and pet vocative terms ...................................................................................... 48
References ................................................................................................................................................ 49
Appendix 1: Index of common denomination synonyms, variants, and homonyms ................ 74
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6 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 99
Appendix 2: Available linguistic data for Panoan languages and dialects ................................ 93
Appendix 3: Geographic locations of Panoan languages and dialects .................................... 105
TABLES
Table 1. Fleck’s classification of Panoan languages and dialects
(that have linguistic data available) ................................................................................................. 11
Table 2. Tentative classification of possibly Panoan languages/dialects
lacking linguistic data ........................................................................................................................ 13
Table 3. Panoan intrafamily homonymy ........................................................................................... 18
Table 4. Interfamily homonymy .......................................................................................................... 20
Table 5. Proposed affiliations of Pano-Takanan with other languages and/or families ............. 25
Table 6. Published Panoan linguistic works by Franciscans ......................................................... 31
Table 7. Publications from the 1800s containing Panoan linguistic data ................................... 31
Table 8. Languages and dialects that became known during
the first third of the 20th century .................................................................................................. 35
Table 9. Languages studied in detail by the Summer Institute of Linguistics ........................... 38
Table 10. Languages that have been the subject of linguistics theses by academics ................. 40
Table 11. Articles on Panoan languages published
in the International Journal of American Linguistics ................................................................. 42
MAP
Map 1. Locations of Panoan languages ................................................................................................ 8
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2013 FLECK: PANOAN LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS 7
ABSTRACT
Knowledge of Panoan languages and linguistics has increased significantly over the last
several decades. The present paper draws upon this new information to produce a current
internal classification of all the extant and extinct languages in the Panoan family based on
lexical, phonological, and grammatical comparisons. This classification pays special attention
to distinguishing dialects from independent languages and to mismatches that exist between
linguistically defined languages and socially defined ethnic groups. An evaluation of previ-
ously proposed genetic relations to other language families is followed by a discussion of lexi-
cal borrowing and possible areal diffusion of grammatical features from and into neighboring
non-Panoan languages and Kechua. The history of Panoan linguistics is chronicled from the
first Jesuit and Franciscan vocabularies to the most recent contributions, and priorities for
future research are suggested. A typological overview of Panoan phonology, morphology, and
syntax is provided along with descriptions of some of the extraordinary linguistic features
found in the family. Name taboos, postmortem word taboos, in-law avoidance languages, trade
languages, ceremonial languages, and other ethnolinguistic phenomena found in the Panoan
family are also discussed.
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8 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 99
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Map 1. Locations of Panoan languages. The first letter of the name is positioned at the location
where extant languages are spoken, where extinct languages were spoken, or where languages of cap-
tives were spoken prior to their capture. In those cases where languages are spoken over a large or
disparate territory, particularly where multiple ethnic groups speak dialects of a single language, the
first letter of the name indicates roughly the center of the area over which the language is spoken. See
appendix 3 for the precise locations of dialects.
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