Table Of ContentFootprints of Regional Science
The Voice of Regional Science
Mehmet Güney Celbiş
Karima Kourtit
Peter Nijkamp Editors
Pandemic
and the City
Footprints of Regional Science
The Voice of Regional Science
Series Editors
Bruce Newbold, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University,
Hamilton, ON, Canada
Vicente Royuela , University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Mia Wahlström, Tyréns, Gustavsberg, Sweden
The field of regional science continues to advance. The book series The Voice of
Regional Science presents new scholarly thinking on important emerging issues and
new scientific advances in the broad and multidisciplinary domain of regional science
research. The contributions to the series invoke the aim of the Regional Science
Academy to rethink “the spatial dynamics of people and socio-economic activities
in the connected and complex spatial systems of our earth.” The volumes in this series
will serve the global regional science community by providing new insights on, or
by calling attention to, recent developments that are rarely covered by conventional
conferences, or are indicative of novel research directions.
The Voice of Regional Science welcomes both edited volumes and monographs,
with works originating in the meetings of the Academy or proposed by external
authors and volume editors. It features scholarly works that are retrospective only
to the extent necessary to lay the groundwork for visions of future research in the
area; all volumes have a forward-looking focus. Further, the series’ emphasis on
thematic publications is intended to promote a more future-oriented strategic focus
for regional science research. Applied studies in regional science are also welcome,
provided they reflect this forward-looking focus.
The two sub-series The Voice of Regional Science and Great Minds in Regional
Science jointly form a series entitled Footprints in Regional Science. All three book
series present work stemming from and related to the activities of The Regional
Science Academy (www.regionalscienceacademy.org).
· ·
Mehmet Güney Celbis¸ Karima Kourtit
Peter Nijkamp
Editors
Pandemic and the City
Editors
Mehmet Güney Celbis¸ Karima Kourtit
Department of Economics Programme Smart Cities and Data
Yeditepe University Analytics
Istanbul, Turkey Open University
Heerlen, The Netherlands
Peter Nijkamp
Programme Smart Cities and Data
Analytics
Open University
Heerlen, The Netherlands
ISSN 2662-9623 ISSN 2662-9631 (electronic)
Footprints of Regional Science
ISSN 2662-9704 ISSN 2662-9712 (electronic)
The Voice of Regional Science
ISBN 978-3-031-21982-5 ISBN 978-3-031-21983-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21983-2
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
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of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
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The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
The Pandemic and the City ......................................... 1
Mehmet Güney Celbis¸, Karima Kourtit, and Peter Nijkamp
Cities, Cooperation, and Resilience in the Face of COVID-19
The Resilience of Cities to COVID-19: A Literature Review
and Application to Dutch Cities ..................................... 11
Jeroen van Haaren and Frank van Oort
A Subjective Geographer’s Experience of Pandemic
and Confidence in Systems of Cities ................................. 33
Denise Pumain
City and Regional Demand for Vaccines Whose Supply Arises
from Competition in a Bertrand Duopoly ............................ 45
Amitrajeet A. Batabyal and Hamid Beladi
Post Pandemic Cities—Competing for Size or Cooperating
for Interaction an Analysis of the Evolution of Portuguese
Municipalities Based on an Organic and Rational Spatial
Interaction Growth Models ......................................... 61
Tomaz Ponce Dentinho
Comparative Approaches on the Patterns and Effects of City and
Location-Specific Policies and Socioeconomic Structures During
COVID-19
The Social Digital Twin for Liveable Cities: A COVID-19 Case
Study ............................................................. 77
Corentin Kuster, Sanne Hettinga, Tim van Vliet, Henk Scholten,
and Paul Padding
v
vi Contents
The Impact of Differing COVID-19 Mitigation Policies: Three
Natural Experiments Using Difference-in-Difference Modelling ........ 97
Kingsley E. Haynes, Rajendra Kulkarni, Abu Siddique, and Meng-Hao Li
On the Association Between Income Inequality and COVID
Spread: A View into Spanish Functional Urban Areas ................ 127
David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela
Urbanization Impact Arising from the Behavioral Shift of Citizens
and Consumers in a Post-pandemic World ........................... 139
Tannistha Maiti, Anwita Maiti, Biswajit Maiti, and Tarry Singh
The Socioeconomic and Labor Market Effects of Pandemics on
Cities and Local Economies
What Happened After SARS in 2003? The Economic Impacts
of a Pandemic ..................................................... 163
Ilan Noy, Yasuyuki Sawada, Nguyen Doan, and Canh Phuc Nguyen
Industrial Composition, Remote Working and Mobility Changes
in Canada and the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A SHAP
Value Analysis of XGBoost Predictions .............................. 189
Mehmet Güney Celbis¸, Cem Özgüzel, Karima Kourtit,
and Peter Nijkamp
The Need for New Types of Data and Applications, and Existing
Challenges in Analysing the Effects of COVID-19 on Cities
Problems with Recording the Spread of COVID-19 in Developing
Countries: Evidence from a Phone Survey in Indonesia ............... 211
Budy P. Resosudarmo, Rus’an Nasrudin, Pyan A. Muchtar,
Usep Nugraha, and Anna Falentina
Pandemic Regional Recovery Index: An Adaptable Tool
for Decision-Making on Regions .................................... 237
J. Irving, K. Waters, T. Clower, and W. Rifkin
The Geography of Daily Urban Spatial Mobility During COVID:
The Example of Stockholm in 2020 and 2021 ......................... 261
Ian Shuttleworth, Marina Toger, Umut Türk, and John Östh
Social Justice, Digitalization, and Health and Well-Being
in the Pandemic City ............................................... 279
Laurie A. Schintler and Connie L. McNeely
The Pandemic and the City
Mehmet Güney Celbis¸, Karima Kourtit, and Peter Nijkamp
1 The Pandemic Experience of the City
The recent COVID-19 experience has left deep traces in the urban fabric and has
prompted a re-orientation regarding the future of cities. Is an urban overhaul on the
way? And will digital technology erode conventional urban agglomeration advan-
tages? The socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic will definitely leave their mark
on cities. For example, the digital divide has already become more apparent regarding
equitable access to education or to virtual libraries. Furthermore, climate change will
have a stronger influence on cities than in the past, given that avoiding close indoor
activities or reducing dense concentrations of people may become commonplace.
For example, operating restaurants with outside dining areas or organizing open-air
activities which allow safe social distancing will face new challenges in cities, in
particular in places where weather conditions may become less favorable.
The rise of telecommuting (i.e. remote working)—as a consequence of digital
technology—is a heavily debated new topic. It is argued that if the individuals who
work from home move away from urban areas, a lot of office space might be converted
into residences. However, the departure of the relatively rich who can work from home
B
M. G. Celbis¸ ( )
Department of Economics, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
e-mail: [email protected]
UNU-MERIT, 6211 Maastricht, Netherlands
K. Kourtit · P. Nijkamp
Faculty of Management, Open University, 6419 AT Heerlen, Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Nijkamp
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Kourtit
Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 700506 Ias¸i, Romania
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1
M. G. Celbi¸setal.( eds.),P andemic and the City, Footprints of Regional Science,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21983-2_1
2 M.G.Celbis¸etal.
in suburban or non-urban areas will rebound as a considerable loss of tax income for
city governments. Their exodus, on the other hand, may lead to novel opportunities
for businesses to disperse to new clusters. This being said, the COVID-19 pandemic
has presented new opportunities for cities to become more inclusive and sustainable
and to invest in essential health infrastructure and public services that may allow
them to emerge ultimately stronger from the pandemic. On the other hand, reduced
dynamism in urban areas may render cities less appealing to tourists or visitors. The
empirical evidence on possible new urban trajectories is still fragmented and at times
confusing.
Human health has become an increasingly important concern in modern cities,
as is evidenced by the current corona pandemic. COVID-19 has shaken some of the
foundations of cities, such as density and proximity. Cities are challenged to maintain
a high level of well-being or to develop into healthy places, without health risks for
the inhabitants.
The present volume contains a collection of novel and original contributions to
the study of urban sustainability, mainly from a human health perspective. Questions
addressed are inter alia: Will cities as we know them survive the pandemic or are
we heading towards “doughnut cities”? How will the habits and expectations of
the post-Covid generation shape the new city? How will the changes to the urban
landscape affect the resilience of cities to other crises (e.g. natural disasters)? Will
social distancing and isolation triumph over spatial sharing and togetherness? The
future of cities is clearly at stake. This book aims to encompass new analytical
contributions, to provide informed discussions, to present empirical findings, and
to offer plausible predictions so as to assist policymaking alongside with opening
new windows for research regarding the pandemics and the city. It contains and
presents a rich set of original and challenging contributions on the implications of
and responses to the corona pandemic for modern cities. The scholarly work in this
book is separated into four interconnected research challenges and themes:
I. Cities, cooperation, and resilience in the face of COVID-19
II. Comparative approaches on patterns and effects of city and location-specific
policies and socioeconomic structures during COVID-19
III. The socioeconomic and labor market effects of pandemics on cities and local
economies
IV. The need for new types of data and applications in addressing challenges in
analyzing the effects of COVID-19 on cities
The contributions in this volume of Springer’s The Voice of Regional Science
series are 14 in total, and are outlined based on the above categorization in the next
synthesis section.
ThePandemicandtheCity 3
2 Synthesis of the Book
2.1 Cities, Cooperation, and Resilience in the Face
of COVID-19
In the first chapter in this volume titled “The Resilience of Cities to COVID-19: A
Literature Review and Application to Dutch Cities”, Jeroen van Haaren and Frank van
Oort, discuss how cities may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the medium
to long run from the perspective of urban economics, focusing on the transmission of
knowledge. This literature review on city resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic paves
the way for the remaining part of this chapter by providing an overview of recent
thoughts on the impact of the pandemic on urban economies and adding a case study
of the four largest cities in the Netherlands. The scene is set in a further conceptual
formulation in the following thought-provoking chapter by Denise Pumain in the
chapter titled “A Subjective Geographer’s Experience of Pandemic and Confidence
in Systems of Cities.” The chapter discusses the possibility of drastic changes in the
territorial organization of the world in light on prior knowledge of the dynamics of
cities within systems of cities, providing a framework for assessing the plausibility of
predictions. The next chapter in Part I is written by Amitrajeet A. Batabyal and Hamid
Beladi titled “City and Regional Demand for Vaccines Whose Supply Arises from
Competition in a Bertrand Duopoly.” This chapter presents a one-period model of an
aggregate economy composed of cities and regions that demand vaccines designed to
fight a pandemic such as COVID-19. The equilibrium pricing strategies of two firms
are modeled in a Bertrand Duopoly context, and the incentives to conduct R&D faced
by two firms are analyzed under different competition scenarios. Part I is concluded
with the chapter titled “Post-Pandemic Cities—Competing for Size or Cooperating
for Interaction: An Analysis of the Evolution of Portuguese Municipalities Based
on an Organic and Rational Spatial Interaction Growth Models”, by Tomaz Ponce
Dentinho. The chapter focuses on the spatial interaction of Portuguese municipal-
ities from 1960 until 2021, with regards to an implicit model of spatial interac-
tion between municipalities, and the post-pandemic scenarios of spatial interaction
between municipalities. Two scenarios of post-pandemic evolution of Portuguese
City Regions are simulated; it is observed that the rational interaction expression
leads to more concentration of population around the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan
areas.
