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PAN-AFRICANISM
A short political guide
Also by Colin Legum
ATTITUDE TO AFRICA
MUST WE LOSE AFRICA?
BANDUNG, CAIRO AND ACCRA
CONGO DISASTER
AFRICA: A HANDBOOK
SOUTH AFRICA: CRISIS FOR THE WEST
(with Margaret Legum)
1/ 'I
COLIN LEGUM
PAN-AFRICANISM
A SHORT POLITICAL GUIDE
REVISED EDITION
FREDERICK A. PRAEGER, Publishers
New York • Washington • London
Acknowledgments
The works of all writers quoted have been fully acknowledged. But
my special acknowledgment and thanks are due to the following authors
and publishers:
Ras Khan, The Poetry of Dr. R. E. G. Armattoe (Presence Africaine,
Paris); Mr. Harold R. Isaacs; Langston Hughes, The Langston Hughes
Reader (Braziller, New York), Selected Poems (Alfred A. Knopf, New
York), Tambourines to Glory (John Day, New York); Olumbe Bassir, An
Anthology of West African Verse (Ibadan); Miriam Koshland for her
translations in Black Orpheus (Ibadan); David Diop, Les Temps du
Martyr (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris); Aime Cesaire, Four
Poems and The Return of the Native (Black Orpheus, Ibadan, and
Presence Africaine, Paris); Leopold Senghor, Anthologie de la Nouvelle
Poesie Negre et Malgache (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris);
Michael Dei-Aneng, Wayward Lines from Africa; Claude McKay, Out¬
cast (Twayne, New York); Leon Dalmas (Presence Africaine, Paris).
FREDERICK A. PRAEGER, Publishers
111 Fourth Avenue, New York 3, N.Y., U.S.A.
77-79 Charlotte Street, London W.i, England
Published in the United States of America in 1965
by Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers
This is an enlarged and revised edition of the book first published in 1962
by Frederick A. Praeger, Inc.
All rights reserved
© 1962, 1965 by Colin Legum
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-15641
Printed in the United States of America
ONHLP
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION
I concluded the first edition of this book with the following
observation: ‘Nowhere in this book have I made any claims about
Pan-Africanism. I have tried to describe it as objectively as I can.
I have no views of my own about whether it will succeed or fail in
the end. I am more concerned at this stage to understand it, to be
“with it” (in the modern phrase), than to pass judgments on it.
That it is a dynamic movement nobody can deny. That it is evolv¬
ing new ideas and methods with great rapidity is plain. But who
can say with any degree of confidence where it will lead?’
Although much has happened since that edition appeared, I have
no reason to revise that open-ended conclusion. Pan-Africanism
has maintained its dynamism and its flexibility. Its fortunes have
fluctuated with a rapidity that has made keeping pace with them
difficult, let alone attempting to make durable evaluations of them.
As one concerned primarily with contemporary history I do not
regard it useful at this stage to attempt a serious evaluation of the
episodes I record. This is not the same as saying that I have adopted
an uncritical attitude in the way I have recorded the growth of
Pan-Africanist ideas and movements. However, I have tried to
avoid taking sides between the rival leaders and the contesting ideas
and viewpoints within the Pan-African movement.
‘Fission and Fusion’—Chapter VIII of this new edition—is a
record of developments between 1962 and 1964. I have found it
more convenient to adopt this method than to revise each section.
The only important exception is Chapter V—‘Africa’s Divided
Workers’—which my wife has made more comprehensive.
Finally, to avoid an unhandy expansion of the book I have omit¬
ted a number of appendices: ‘The Idea of an African Personality’
(extracts from an address by Dr. Edward W. Blyden), Chief
Awolowo’s ‘Statement on African Affairs’, and Dr. Azikiwe’s ad¬
dress, ‘The Future of Pan-Africanism’. Students interested in these
documents will be able to refer to them in library copies of the first
edition. In their place I have introduced four new appendices: the
6 PREFACE
Charter of the Organisation of African Unity, the OAU Protocol
on Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration, the principal resolu¬
tions of the first summit meeting of African Heads of State at
Addis Ababa, 1963, and those of the first Assembly of the Heads of
State and Government of the OAU, Cairo, 1964.
Colin Legum
London.
November, 1^64.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
This book is dedicated to the work of the Africa Bureau.
In an abbreviated form it was delivered as the Africa Bureau’s
1961 Annual Address. I am grateful to the Chairman, Lord
Hemingford, and to the Executive for agreeing that the Address
should be published in this expanded form.
The book is in two parts; the first might be more readable, but
the second is more useful. In the first part I have tried to trace
briefly the origins and growth of Pan-Africanism, and its subse¬
quent impact on Africa after its transplantation in 1958.
In the second part I have provided a documentary guide to Pan-
Africanism, the absence of which I personally have felt to be a
great handicap in the past. This is only a start; much more work
requires to be done by our academic colleagues who have so far
largely neglected this field of study.
Although I must accept sole responsibility for the views expressed
in this book, I am nevertheless greatly indebted to Dr. George
Shepperson of Edinburgh University, and Professor St. Clair Drake
of Roosevelt University, Chicago, for having read and criticised this
work at various stages; to Mr. Harold R. Isaacs of the Center for
International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whose
studies on Negro literature have been particularly valuable to me in
a field in which he has done so much work and of which I know com¬
paratively little. Finally 1 must mention my wife who has worked
almost as hard as I have in revising the manuscript and who wrote
the chapter on ‘Africa’s Divided Workers’.
Colin Legum
London.
November, ig6i
