PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT TERTIARY TREATMENT USING FERROUS SULPHATE AHMAD

38 Pages·2017·0.77 MB·English

PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT TERTIARY
TREATMENT USING FERROUS SULPHATE

by

AHMAD JARIL BIN ASIS

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

August 2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and Merciful. All praise to Allah, only with
His support and blessing I was finally able to complete this research study and
submitting the thesis.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to my research
supervisor, Prof Ir. Dr. Mohd Omar bin Abdul Kadir for his continuous guidance,
support and invaluable assistance throughout the research study and in writing the
thesis. May Allah accepting his invaluable assistance and in sharing his thought.
I am very grateful to Sime Darby Research management for allowing me to pursue on
the post graduate programme especially to Tn Hj Shawaluddin Tahiruddin who always
been very supportive and keep providing words of encouragement.
My sincere thanks to the Processing and Engineering team and Waste Water
Laboratory especially to En. Rahmat Ngteni who has made all arrangement for the
pilot plant study, Pn. Norulhuda Yusof and En. M Zaki Asror for all the analytical
support and En. Nik Mohd Farid and En. Mohd Affiq Ariffin in assisting the laboratory
study. Not forgetting to all the staff who have been involved in this project, KKS
Chersonese personnel lead by the Mill Manager, En Zulaffendi Samad and Dr Mohd
Sohrab of MYCET who relentlessly assisting in checking the writings.
My heartiest appreciation to my family especially my wife, Ruliza bt Mohamad
Mahbor who providing endless support and patiently sacrifices the family time to
enable me in completing the study. Also to my mother Mahmudah bt Mahpul and
mother in law Ruminah bt Sukri who continuously providing the moral support.
ii
Besides, all my children, Muhammad Nabil, Nurun Nabilah, Muhammad Husni and
Nurul Husna for their understanding.
Special thanks to my office staff, Siti Salwah, to all colleagues and USM personnel
who either directly or indirectly contributing to the completion of my research study.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement ii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables viii
List of Figures x
List of Abbreviations xiv
Abstrak xv
Abstract xviii

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 5
1.3 Objectives 8
1.4 Scope of Study 8
CHAPTER TWO - LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Palm Oil Mill Effluent 10
2.2 POME Generation in Malaysia 14
2.3 Physicochemical Characteristics of POME 16
2.4 Regulatory Control of Effluent Discharge 19
2.5 POME Treatment in Malaysia 22
2.5.1 Pretreatment of POME 22
2.5.2 Primary Treatment or Biological POME Treatment 23
2.5.3 Post-treatment 25
iv
2.5.4 Shortcoming of Existing Treatment Process 25
2.5.5 Other POME Treatment Processes 28
2.5.5(a) Aerobic Digestion 28
2.5.5(b) Anaerobic Digestion 31
2.6 Membrane Filtration Process 32
2.7 Adsorption 33
2.8 POME Tertiary Polishing Treatment 34
2.9 Coagulation 38
2.9.1 Coagulants 40
2.9.2 Ferrous Sulphate as a Coagulant 42
2.9.3 Coagulation Control 43
2.9.4 Coagulant Dosage 44
2.9.5 pH Value 45
2.9.6 Rapid Mixing 46
2.9.7 Jar Test 46
2.10 Economic Analysis/Evaluation 47
2.11 Conclusive Remarks on Present POME Treatment Processes 48
CHAPTER THREE - MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Materials and equipment 50
3.2 Palm Oil Mill Effluent Collections 50
3.3 Physicochemical Characterizations 51
3.3.1 Determination of the Biological Oxygen Demand 51
3.3.2 Determination of the Chemical Oxygen Demand 52
3.3.3 Determination of the Total Suspended Solid 53
3.3.4 Determination of the Suspended Solid 53
v
3.3.5 Oil and Grease 54
3.3.6 Other Analysis 55
3.4 Jar Test 56
3.5 POME Treatment in Pilot Scale Treatment Plant 56
3.5.1 Pilot Plant Location 56
3.5.2 Pilot Plant Design 57
3.5.3 Pilot Plant Trials 60
3.6 Economic Analysis 63
3.7 Flow chart of Research Methodology 64
CHAPTER FOUR - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Physicochemical Properties of POME 65
4.2 Coagulation of Secondary POME 66
4.2.1 BOD Reduction in Treated Secondary POME 67
3
4.2.2 COD Reduction in Treated Secondary POME 69
4.2.3 Total Suspended Solids Reduction in Treated Secondary POME 71
4.2.4 Residual Suspended Solids in Treated Secondary POME 73
4.2.5 Turbidity in Treated Secondary POME 73
4.2.6 Conductivity and Percentage of Supernatant in Treated Secondary 75
POME
4.2.7 Metal Contents in Treated Secondary POME 79
4.3 Ferrous Sulphate Coagulation of Tertiary POME 83
4.3.1 Residual BOD in Treated Tertiary POME 83
3
4.3.2 Residual COD in Treated Tertiary POME 86
4.3.3 Reduction of Suspended Solids in Treated Tertiary POME 88
vi
4.3.4 Turbidity and Percentage of Sludge in Treated Tertiary POME 90
4.3.5 Iron Content 93
4.4 Summary of Coagulation Efficiency of FeSO .7H O and FeSO .H O 94
4 2 4 2
4.5 Pilot Scale Trials 98
4.5.1 Effect of FeSO .7H O Coagulation of POME in Pilot Scale 98
4 2
4.5.2 Effect of Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Dosages and Number of 99
Inline Mixers on BOD Reduction
3
4.5.3 Effect of Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Dosages on COD 101
Reductions.
4.5.4 Effect of Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Dosages Suspended Solid 101
Reduction
4.5.5 Comparison on Pilot Plant Performance against Biological Tertiary 104
Polishing Plant
4.6 Economic Viability of Tertiary Physicochemical Treatment 106
CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusions 112
5.2 Recommendations for Further Research 114
REFERENCES 115
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 129

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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Physicochemical characterization of raw Palm Oil Mill 18
Effluent.
Table 2.2 Characteristics of individual waste water streams. 19
Table 2.3 Progression of regulatory standards for palm oil mill 21
effluent.
Table 2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of various POME 30
treatment processes.
Table 3.1 Type of POME used for coagulation using Ferrous 51
Sulphate as a coagulant.
Table 4.1 Physicochemical characterization of Raw, Primary and 66
Secondary POME.
Table 4.2 Metal Content Analysis for Ferrous Sulphate 80
Heptahydrate Treatment of Secondary Treatment sample
at 50% Dilution.
Table 4.3 Metal Content Analysis for Ferrous Sulphate 81
Monohydrate treatment of Secondary Treatment sample
at 50% Dilution.
Table 4.4 Determination of iron content in supernatant of treated 94
tertiary POME at various dosages of FeSO .7H O and
4 2
FeSO .H O.
4 2
Table 4.5 Metal Content Analysis for Ferrous Sulphate 95
Monohydrate treatment of Tertiary Treatment Sample
(Without Dilution)
viii
Table 4.6 Determination of the effective experimental conditions 96
on the physicochemical properties of treated POME
Table 4.7 Summary of results for the pilot plant trial using different 99
number of mixers and at different ferrous sulphate
dosages.
Table 4.8 Effect of settling times at ferrous sulpahte monohydrate 103
doses on the reduction of BOD and SS from Tertiary
POME in pilot scale.
Table 4.9 The BOD and SS reduction with Extended Settling Time. 104
Table 4.10 Performance of Existing Tertiary Polishing Plant at KKS 105
Chersonese, Parit Buntar, Perak
Table 4.11 Equipment List and estimated unit cost of the Tertiary 107
Physicochemical Treatment Plant based on design
capacity of 60 TM FFB/h palm oil mill.
Table 4.12 Comparison on Operating and Investment Cost between 109
Tertiary Biological and Physicochemical Treatment Plant
Table 4.13 Detail Calculation on Comparison of Operating and 110
Investment Cost between Biological and Physico-
chemical Tertiary Treatment Plant
ix
LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Figure 2.1 Typical palm oil mill at Sime Darby Plantation KKS Sua 11
Betong, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan.
Figure 2.2 Typical Effluent Treatment Plant with Composting Plant at 12
KKS Sua Betong, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan
Figure 2.3 Process flow diagram of oil extraction from oil palm and 15
POME generation (Source: Sime Darby Research Sdn Bhd,
Malaysia).
Figure 2.4 Estimated POME generation based on the CPO production 16
in Malaysia in 2004–2020.
Figure 2.5 A schematic diagram of an anaerobic tank and land 22
application system.
Figure 2.6 Typical Flow Diagram of Activated Sludge Tertiary 36
Treatment Plant.
Figure 2.7 Existing Tertiary Polishing Treatment using Biological 37
Process at KKS Elphil, Sungai Siput, Perak.
Figure 2.8 Coagulation performance with coagulant dosages. 45
Figure 2.9 Laboratory Jar testing apparatus. 47
Figure 3.1 View of KKS Chersonese, Parit Buntar, Perak 57
Figure 3.2 Tertiary Polishing Plant using Biological Process at KKS 57
Chersonese, Parit Buntar, Perak.
Figure 3.3 Design of inline mixer of pilot scale POME treatment plant 58

x