Table Of ContentPOLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF THE MIDDLE EAST
P ’ S C
AKISTAN S TRATEGIC ULTURE
F P M :
AND OREIGN OLICY AKING
A STUDY OF PAKISTAN’S POST 9/11
AFGHAN POLICY CHANGE
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P E
OLITICS AND CONOMICS
M E
OF THE IDDLE AST
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POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF THE MIDDLE EAST
P ’ S C
AKISTAN S TRATEGIC ULTURE
F P M :
AND OREIGN OLICY AKING
A STUDY OF PAKISTAN’S POST 9/11
AFGHAN POLICY CHANGE
IJAZ KHAN
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Khan, Ijaz.
Pakistan's strategic culture and foreign policy making / Ijaz khan.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:26) (eBook))
1. Pakistan--Foreign relations--Afghanistan. 2. Afghanistan--Foreign relations--Pakistan. 3.
Pakistan--Foreign relations. 4. Pakistan--Strategic aspects. 5. Strategic culture--Pakistan. I. Title.
DS383.5.A45K536 2012
327.5491--dc23
2011037421
Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS
Glossary vii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xi
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1 Studying Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy 1
Chapter 2 The Making of Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Pro Taliban
Afghan Policy 15
Chapter 3 Pakistan’s Afghan Policy Shift: Response to the War on Terrorism 43
Chapter 4 Impact of Pakistan’s Changed Afghan Policy on the Region 63
Chapter 5 Pakistan’s Domestic Foreign Policy Debate in the Post
September 11 Era 83
Chapter 6 Conclusions: Towards a Changed Strategic Culture 113
Bibliography 133
Index 143
GLOSSARY
Anarchy: the absence of an international authority.
Balance of power: an international system in which states enjoy relatively equal power,
states form alliances or make policies to counteract the acquisition of power by other
states, and no one state is able to dominate the international system.
Behavioural Approach: An approach to the study of politics or other social phenomena that
focuses on the actions and interactions among units by using scientific methods of
observation to include quantification of variables whenever possible. Accordingly,
behaviour can be described, explained, and predicted.
Belief system: the organised and integrated perceptions of individuals in a society, including
foreign policy decision–makers, often based on past history, that guide them to select
certain policies over others.
Bipolar: an international system with two major powers or two groups of states having
relatively equal power.
Bureaucratic politics: the model of foreign policy decision–making that posits that national
decisions are the outcomes of bargaining among bureaucratic groups having competing
interests; decisions reflect the relative strength of the individual bureaucratic players.
Complex Interdependence Theory: The term 'complex interdependence' defines
International relations as various, complex transnational connections resulting in
interdependencies between states and societies. Interdependence theorists noted that such
relations, particularly economic ones, were increasing; while the use of military force and
power balancing were decreasing but remained important.
Democratic peace: the classical theory that claims democratic states are least likely to wage
war against each other.
Dependency theory: derived from Marxism, an explanation of poverty and
underdevelopment in developing countries based on their historical dependence and
domination by rich countries.
Deterrence: the policy of maintaining a large military force and arsenal to discourage any
potential aggressor from taking actions; states commit themselves to punish an aggressor
state.
viii Ijaz Khan
Diplomacy: the practice of states trying to influence the behaviour of other states by
bargaining, negotiating, taking specific non – coercive actions or refraining from such
actions, or appealing to the public for support of a position.
Ethnic Nationalism: a form of nationalism that bases appeals for national action on common
culture, language, religion, shared history or myth of shared kinship and uses these
criteria to exclude people from the nation.
Hegemon: a dominant state that has a preponderance of power; often establishes and
enforces the rules and norms in the international system.
Historical or traditional realism: views realism as a licence to take any course of action
necessary to ensure political survival.
Imperialism: the policy and practice of extending the domination of one state over another
through territorial conquest or economic domination. In radical and Marxist political
philosophy, the final stage of expansion of the capitalist system.
International Political Economy: A method of analysis concerning the social, political and
economic arrangements affecting the global systems of production, exchange and
distribution, and the mix of values reflected therein. As an analytical method, political
economy is based on the assumption that what occurs in the economy reflects, and
affects, social and political power relations.
International society: the states and sub – state actors in the international system and the
institutions and norms that regulate their interaction; implies that these actors
communicate, sharing common interests and a common identity.
Irredentism: the demands of ethno nationalist groups to take political control of territory
historically or ethnically related to them by separating from their parent state or taking
territory from other states.
Legitimacy: the moral and legal right to rule, which is based on law, custom, heredity, or the
consent of the governed; with reference to a government, a state recognised by members
of the international community.
Liberalism: the theoretical perspective based on the assumption of the innate goodness of
the individual and the value of political institutions.
Multi–national corporations: (MNCs) private enterprises with production facilities, sales,
or activities in several states.
Multi–polar: an international system in which there are several states or great powers of
roughly equal strength or weight.
Nation–State: the entity formed when people sharing the same historical, cultural, or
linguistic roots form their own state with borders, a government, and international
recognition; trend began with French and American Revolutions.
Nation: A group of people who see themselves as distinct in their culture, history,
institutions, or collective principles and who aspire to self–rule.
National Interest: the interest of the state, most basically the protection of territory and
sovereignty; in realist thinking, the interest is a unitary one defined in terms of the
pursuit of power; in liberal thinking, there are many national interests; in radical
thinking, it is the interest of a ruling elite.
Glossary ix
Nationalism: devotion and allegiance to the nation and the shared characteristics of its
peoples; used to motivate people to patriotic acts, sometimes leading a group to seek
dominance over another group.
Neo–liberal Institutionalism: a reinterpretation of liberalism that posits that even in an
anarchic international system, states will cooperate because of their continuous actions
with each other and because it is in their self–interest to do so; institutions provide the
framework for cooperative interactions.
Neo–realism: A systemic, balance of power theory in which states do not seek to maximise
power, but merely balance it. And because the international system is regarded as
anarchic and based on self–help, the most powerful units set the scene of action for
others as well as themselves. These major powers are referred to as poles; hence the
international system (or a regional subsystem), at a particular point in time, may be
characterised as uni – polar, bipolar or multi – polar.
Non-Governmental Organisations: private associations of individuals or groups that engage
in collective civic activities having bearing on the political space, across national
borders.
Normative: relating to ethical rules; in foreign policy and international affairs, standards
suggesting that a policy should be.
North: refers to the developed countries, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, including
North America, the European countries, and Japan.
Organisational Politics: A foreign policy decision–making model that posits that national
decisions are the products of sub – national governmental organisations and units; the
procedures and processes of the organisation largely determine the policy; major changes
in policy are unlikely.
Pluralist model: a model of foreign policy decision–making that suggests that policy is
formed as a result of the bargaining among the various domestic sources of foreign
policy, including public opinion, private interest groups, and multinational corporations;
these interests are generally channelled through democratic institutions like legislatures
or persons holding elective positions.
Power: a relationship between two individuals, groups, or states in which one party has the
ability both to influence the other and to force outcomes that the other party may not
want.
Public Diplomacy: use of certain diplomatic methods to create a favourable image of the
state or its people; methods include, for example, goodwill tours, cultural and student
exchanges, and media presentations.
Rational Actor: in the realist assumption, an individual or state that uses logical reasoning
to select a policy; that is, it has a defined goal to achieve, considers a full range of
alternative strategies, and selects the policy that best achieves the goal.
Realism: a theory of international relations that emphasises states’ interest in accumulating
power to ensure security in an anarchic world; based on the notion that individuals are
power seeking and that states act in pursuit of their own national interest defined in terms
of power.
