Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Build-Up 1979-99: In Search of a Policy

248 Pages·2001·2.25 MB·English

by  Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha

Pakistan’s Arms
Procurement and Military
Buildup, 1979–99
In Search of a Policy
Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha
siddiqu-agha/94343/crc 7/2/01 1:43 pm Page 1
Pakistan’s Arms Procurement and Military Buildup,
1979–99
siddiqu-agha/94343/crc 7/2/01 1:43 pm Page 2
Also by Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha
CURBING THE WEAPONS OF CIVILIAN DESTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT OF LIGHT WEAPONS PRODUCTION IN PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE SECTORS: A View from Pakistan
MARITIME COOPERATION BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN: Building
Confidence at Sea
PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE AND COMMAND AND CONTROL: Impact
on Regional Stability
siddiqu-agha/94343/crc 7/2/01 1:43 pm Page 3
Pakistan’s Arms
Procurement and
Military Buildup,
1979–99
In Search of a Policy
Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha
Foreword by Lawrence Freedman
siddiqu-agha/94343/crc 7/2/01 1:43 pm Page 4
© Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha 2001
Foreword © Lawrence Freedman 2001
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court
Road,London W1P 0LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
The author has asserted her right to be identified
as the author of this work in accordance with the
Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2001 by
PALGRAVE
Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and
175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVEis the new global academic imprint of
St.Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and
Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd).
ISBN 0–333–73172–7
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Siddiqa-Agha,Ayesha.
Pakistan’s arms procurement and military buildup,1979–99 :
in search of a policy / Ayesha Siddiqa-Agha.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–333–73172–7
1.Pakistan—Military policy.2.Pakistan—Armed Forces–
–Procurement.3.Defense industries—Pakistan.
UA853.P3 S47 2000
355'.03355491—dc21
00–065222
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
To the memory of my parents and Kono
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Contents
List of Tables ix
List of Figures and Map ix
Acknowledgements x
Preface xi
Foreword xii
Glossary xiv
Introduction 1
Part I
1 Development of Threat Perception 13
The Afghan crisis and Pakistan’s security 13
India–Pakistan: a conflict of interest 17
Enhancement of threat in the Indian subcontinent 19
The conventional arms race 29
2 The Official Decision-Making System 35
Background 35
The 1973 White Paper on ‘Higher Defence Organization’ 37
Management of defense decision-making 38
The arms procurement decision-making process 50
The arms procurement funding process 53
3 Pakistan’s Power Politics and Defense
Decision-Making 55
Direct actors 55
Indirect actors 75
4 The Cost of Military Buildup 79
Defense: the economic burden 79
Social cost 86
5 Pakistan’s Arms Suppliers 91
Pakistan–US arms transfer links: 1979–88 91
Pakistan–US arms transfer links: 1988–99 95
Pakistan–Europe arms transfer links: 1979–99 103
New sources 103
Pakistan–China links: pre-1979 105
vii
viii Contents
Pakistan–China arms transfer links: 1979–99 105
6 Military Industrial Complex 109
Pakistan defense production: an overview 109
Defense production for the Army 118
Defense production for the Air Force 126
Defense production for the Navy 130
Research and Development establishments 132
Part II
7 Military Buildup Decisions, 1979–90 137
Pakistan’s military buildup, 1979–90: an overview 137
Arms procurement for the Air Force 139
Arms procurement for the Army 146
Arms procurement for the Navy 154
8 Military Buildup Decisions, 1990–99 160
Arms procurement for the Navy 160
Arms procurement for the Air Force 169
Weapons procurement for the Army 175
9 Mutually Assured Deterrence: the Nuclear Option 178
Pakistan’s nuclear option: the strategic dimension 178
Nuclear proliferation: the domestic political
perspective 183
Nuclear proliferation: the bureaucratic perspective 185
10 Looking Ahead 190
The need for military modernization 190
The political scene 192
The economic scene 195
The strategic scene 198
Notes 203
Bibliography 216
Index 227
List of Tables
1.1 Military Technology: a Comparative Analysis, pre-1979 30
1.2 India and Pakistan: the Qualitative Difference in
Combat Aircraft Technology 32
4.1 Pakistan’s Official Defense Budget for FY 1971–72 to
1998–99 80
4.2 India and Pakistan: Arms Imports, 1985–95 81
4.3 The Weapons Procurement Burden, FY 1992–93 to
1998–99 82
4.4 Pakistan’s Annual Deficit 85
4.5 Pakistan: Defense versusDevelopment 88
5.1 Pakistan–US Arms Transfers, 1979–98 96
5.2 Arms Acquisitions from Europe 104
5.3 China–Pakistan Arms Transfers, 1979–92 107
7.1 Comparison of Pakistan’s Main Battle Tank with Top
Tanks of the World 149
List of Figures and Map
Map
1.1 Pakistan–India: Tension Points 21
Figures
2.1 Defense Command & Control 36
2.2 Military: the New Command & Control System 39
2.3 Military Finance Wing 43
2.4 Defense Production Division 44
2.5 Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 47
2.6 Army: Command & Control 49
2.7 Navy and Air Force: Command & Control 51
3.1 Nuclear Command & Control 68
4.1 Division of the Defense Budget 83
4.2 Division of the Army Budget 83
ix