Pakistan and the New Nuclear Taboo: Regional Deterrence and the International Arms Control Regime (Studies in the History of Religious and Political Pluralism)

376 Pages·2012·2.487 MB·English

by  Abbasi Rizwana

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the global community remain hotly debated issues. Pakistan and the New N f
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nuclear weapons. The ‘three models’ approach adopted here provides the a hi
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rizwana abbaSi holds a PhD from the Department of Politics and Inter-
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national Relations, University of Leicester, UK, specialising in Inter national t
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Security and Nuclear Non-proliferation. She is a Post-doctoral Research
Fellow at the University of Leicester and is Assistant Professor, Department
of Strategic and Nuclear Studies (Faculty of Contemporary Studies) at the
National Defence University, Islamabad.
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ISBN 978-3-0343-0272-2 n
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www.peterlang.com P
7
m
S
i
l
a
This book examines Pakistan’s nuclear behaviour from the 1950s onwards R r
i u
against the background of the emerging global non-proliferation system. z
w l
The author probes the broader questions of the extent to which Pakistan’s a P
n
conduct was factored into the global non-proliferation regime and why a l
a
that regime failed to constrain Pakistan’s choice to go nuclear. A c
b i
b t
a i Pakistan and the
The book goes on to argue that in order to fully understand Pakistan’s s l
i o
nuclear policy, the Indian case must also be considered. Therefore, this
P New Nuclear Taboo
book provides a comprehensive scholarly account of the history of both ❘ d
P
India's and Pakistan’s technological developments leading to their decision a n
k a
to develop nuclear weapons and confront the NPT constraints. The question i
s
of nuclear proliferation by Pakistan’s most prominent scientist, Dr A. Q. ta 7 uS
Khan, its nuclear behaviour after the disclosure of this proliferation case, n o

a i
and the recent development of counter-proliferation measures at a global n g
d i
level are all analysed in this volume. The security of Pakistan’s nuclear l Regional Deterrence and the
t e
weapons and the question of the state’s reliability within the ranks of he r International Arms Control Regime
the global community remain hotly debated issues. Pakistan and the New N f
Nuclear Taboo offers the compelling argument that a new nuclear taboo e o
w
against proliferation has emerged to prevent nuclear risks regionally y
N r
and globally: since 2004, it is argued, Pakistan has played a key role in u o
helping to establish this new nuclear taboo against the proliferation of c t
l S
e
nuclear weapons. The ‘three models’ approach adopted here provides the a hi
r
most comprehensive and up-to-date theoretical perspective on Pakistan’s
T e
nuclear behaviour and helps illuminate nuclear policy dynamics and the a h
b
role of international institutions in regulating the conduct of states in oo n t
other regions as well.
i

S
e
i
d
rizwana abbaSi holds a PhD from the Department of Politics and Inter-
u
national Relations, University of Leicester, UK, specialising in Inter national t
Rizwana Abbasi
S
Security and Nuclear Non-proliferation. She is a Post-doctoral Research
Fellow at the University of Leicester and is Assistant Professor, Department
of Strategic and Nuclear Studies (Faculty of Contemporary Studies) at the
National Defence University, Islamabad.
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www.peterlang.com P
Pakistan and the
New Nuclear Taboo
Studies in the
History of Religious
and Political Pluralism
Volume 7
Edited by Richard Bonney
PETER LANG
Oxford • Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Wien
Pakistan and the
New Nuclear Taboo
Regional Deterrence and the
International Arms Control Regime
Rizwana Abbasi
PETER LANG
Oxford • Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Wien
Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on
the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Abbasi, Rizwana, 1978-
Pakistan and the new nuclear taboo : regional deterrence and the
international arms control regime / Rizwana Abbasi.
pages ; cm. -- (Studies in the history of religious and
political pluralism ; 7)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-0343-0272-2 (alkaline paper)
1. Nuclear nonproliferation--Pakistan. 2. Nuclear weapons--Government
policy--Pakistan. 3. Nuclear weapons--Pakistan. 4. Deterrence
(Strategy) 5. Nuclear arms control. I. Title. II. Series: Studies in
the history of religious and political pluralism ; 7.
JZ5675A25 2012
327.1’747095491--dc23
2012012636
ISSN 1661-1985
ISBN 978-3-0343-0272-2
© Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers, Bern 2012
Hochfeldstrasse 32, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
[email protected], www.peterlang.com, www.peterlang.net
All rights reserved.
All parts of this publication are protected by copyright.
Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the
permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution.
This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming,
and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems.
Printed in Germany
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations xi
Richard Bonney
General Editor’s Introduction 1
Introduction 17
Theoretical perspective 27
Plan of the book 30
Methodology 34
chapter 1
Regime Theory:
A Three-Models Approach to International Relations 37
Regime theory and key approaches in international relations 37
A three-models approach: realism, neo-liberalism,
and constructivism 43
From norms to the first taboo 54
The NPT regime and the second taboo 63
The status of the NPT: regime theory and
the three-models approach 76
Conclusion 78
vi
chapter 2
Identifying Pakistan’s Nuclear Behaviour (1950s–1986) 81
Introduction 81
Identifying Pakistan’s strategic culture: a three-models approach 83
From Independence to 1965: Indian and Pakistani nuclear
capacities compared 87
The 1965 war: policy shifts in Pakistan, elite decisions, and a
changing threat perception 97
The security factor (1970–1975) 104
Pakistan achieves nuclear capability: the role of the scientific elite
(1975–1987) 116
Conclusion 133
chapter 3
Pakistan’s Nuclear Behaviour in Crisis Situations:
From Non-Weaponized Deterrence to Weaponized Deterrence
(1986–1999) 137
Introduction 137
Understanding a regional environment in crisis situations 138
Pakistan’s nuclear behaviour in crisis situations 141
Pakistan and developments in non-proliferation from 1990 153
Towards the 1998 tests 159
Perception of Pakistan’s behaviour after the 1998 tests:
the inf luence of weaponized deterrence 167
The border stand-of f of 2001–2002 171
Conclusion 176
vii
chapter 4
Pakistan’s Transition from Vertical to Horizontal Proliferation 179
Introduction 179
A. Q. Khan’s behaviour from the 1990s 181
Khan’s behaviour and the responsibility of the state 206
The responsibility of global institutions 209
Conclusion 212
chapter 5
Pakistan’s Behaviour after the Khan Revelations (2004–2009) 215
Introduction 215
Global initiatives towards non-proliferation:
the cooperation-based approach 217
Pakistan establishes the new nuclear taboo 228
Conclusion: the relevance of regime theory to the
new nuclear taboo 248
chapter 6
Pakistan as Part of the Non-proliferation Challenges –
Presenting Solutions 251
Introduction 251
Non-proliferation policies and global problems 253
An old debate in a new context 263
Solutions drawn from regime theory: strengthening the
new nuclear taboo 265
Reviewing the NPT framework to help change the behaviour
of states 267
Revisiting regime theory, neo-liberals, and constructivists 286
viii
Conclusion:
Pakistan, Regime Theory, and the Non-proliferation Regime 289
Pakistan’s behaviour: the three-models approach 290
Why the NPT has failed in the case of Pakistan 294
The new nuclear taboo – the role of international institutions
following the A. Q. Khan revelations 296
How institutional counter-proliferation cooperation might evolve 299
The three-models approach: strengths and limitations 304
The adequacy and limitations of regime theory 306
Appendix: Interviewees 309
Select Bibliography 313
Index 341