Table Of ContentISSN 0038 1578 
Vol.  32  No. 1 20 March 1984. 
CONTENTS 
Akira H江radaand Takaaki  Yamagishi:  N1itosis in  Stirogyra  (Chloro 
phyceae)  1 
Akira Harada and Takaaki Yamagishi: N1eiosisi n Stirogy戸a(Chloropllycea巴) 10 
Shigeru Kumano and i\f.  Ratnasabapathy:  Studies on freshwater red algae 
of Nblaysia IV. Balrロc!wster川llll/.ba!wrellse,s p. nov.f rom SungaiB akar, 
Kelantan.明lest N1alaysia  19 
Shigeru Kumano:  Studies  on  fresllwater red algae of N1alaysia V.  Early 
clevelopment of carposporophytes of  Brlrachostermlllll cy!indrocelllllare 
KUi\1八1'0 ancl 13.  lorluoSlIlIl  I<l'\iI!\N円 2'1 
Kazuyuki Miyaji:  1'h巴 lifehistory stucly on日 sporopllyticform of  Stongo・
mort ha-Acrosithollia  complex (Acrosiphoniales, Chloropllyta), CodiolulII 
telrocei'idis 1くじCI<L~O; from Notllern japan ・ ・ ・・・・.• (in japanese) 29 
Toshinobu Terawaki,K oji  N07.awa and Iwao Shinmura:  Stllclies on morpllo・
genesis in the early stages of  Sargasslllll  (Pllaeopllyceae,P lIcales). VI 
SargaSSll111  aS)'1/I1nelricu1I1  ................・0・0・0・0・・a・I ー・ (injapanese) 32 
Shogo Arai and Akemi Arai:  Effects of grazing on algals llccession 1  (in japanese) 43 
Teru Ioriya,M asayuki Watanabe and Masaru Haga:  Algae in the mOllntain 
streams of the Satsunai-gawa River l.  Distribution ancl stancling crop  .(i n japanese) 52 
Masayuki Watanabe,M asaru Haga and Teru Ioriya:  Algae in the mountain 
streamso f the Satsunai-gawa River2 .  Notcso n blue-green algae ........(i n japanese) 60 
Masaru Haga,T eru Ioriya and Masayuki Watanabe:  Algae int lle mounta川
streams of t11巴  Satsunai-gawaRiver 3.  Noteso n cllrysomon日1cs .. . . . (i n Japanese) 65 
.・.-
Review 
Tomitaro Masaki:  Crustose coralline口Igae (in japanese) 71 
.・.
Book review  86 
Proceedingso f the 8th AnnualM eetings of thc JllJ)uneSe Society of Phycology.. . .. . ... . 87 
\ 
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The Japanese Society of Phycology 
Th巴]apaneseSociety of Phycology,f ounded in 1952,i s  open to  all  who are interested in  an) 
aspecto f phycology.  Either individuals or organizations may become members of  the Society.  The 
japanese Journal of Phycology (SORUl) is published quarterly and distributed  to  m巴mbersfree of 
charge.  The annual du巴5(1984) for overs巴as members are 6,000 Yen (send the remittance to  the 
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・ ・
Manuscript for  the Journal should be addressed  to  the  Japanese Soceity  of Phycology,c /o 
Laboratory o( Phycology,'l 'okyo University o( F時heries,Konan ,1c home,M inato-ku,'l' okyo,1 08J apan. 
昭和58,59年度役員 Olficers for 1983-1984 
会 長 /1;.本iJiで (必J;(ノ'J()lji'A:"n  President:  1くozoIIl'Ai\IO・ru(Tokyo Univ.o f Fisheries) 
!f!;f0幹事・今日!(- 1,政徳(~~J;( ;JcP Ci)ぐア Secretary: Toshinori !<Oi\:i\:O (Tokyo Univ.o f Fisheries) 
会社市í~'Ji:: ,': j,'以降IYJ人(1/修)('''f:) TI巴asurer: Takaaki1 くυJJAI~A (Senshu University) 
評 議 員 Membersof Executive Council: 
1大111 干11大(以北I~;j(Jij'UVf究Jリr) Kazuo AI(IYA^IA (Tohoku Reg.l 'ish. Res.L aboratory) 
秋111 鋭(,i:,i'1H人'苧 IVlasaruAIくIYAi\IA (Shilllane University) 
イI11 削除 UkJ;(JJくJI(}..:"t)  Yusho ARl'GA (Tokyo Univ. of Fisheries) 
午14{ 光b11:(ffL叫ん'下I\liLsuoCIIIIIAI~λ(UniversLy of Tsukuba) 
品 j:I,-':(筑波j、'';':) TerullliLsu lluRI  (University o[ Tsukuba) 
diH 前IUI:(~U;()、'下 Terunobu lClll\iIURA (University of Tokyo) 
'r':' jl: J.1)::  (て三五木ρ(":) Toshio lWAI( \Ili巴 Univ巴rsity)
般11,: IJI三 (),:!>MJ,'f:) く0201日ASA(Osaka University) 
IJy淳 一俊(11本人γ・ くazutosiNISIZAWA (Nihon University) 
型fiJ( lf'i治(児児仏大'J:)くojiNOZA\ \・A (Kagoshillla University) 
'n
奥川武リ)(九州大 Takeo OKUDA (Kyushu University) 
阪)!:Ui[,ιüJr~ c/liIIEu},つ!:) Yoshio SAKAI( llokkaido Uni ve、rsity) 
{i: 11  p~~俊( ei} i:)(''!")  IVloriloshi TANIGUCIII( Mie Uniersity) 
JJ ,W:  潤ー (市IJÿiÍIjl^~ノ1(賄側''ICI町) Junichi TSUKII)ATI::  (NanseiR eg. Fish. Res.L aboratory) 
/IIjlll!,j リj(J;( r~[;)、'n Isalllu Ui\IEZAJ(1( 1くyotoUniversity) 
111 ~,弘11j!{ C-/U仮i.D:).、学 HiroLoshiYA i\1Ai\IOTO (llokkaido University) 
編集委員会 EditorialBoard: 
~OJ主 ニサIl II({雌(見υ;(/J(pj~)ぐγAkio IVlIURA ('1、okyoUniv. o[F isheries ,) Editor-iト,chief
,;i.í~  'Jr 凶行 え (~U;υ'J(Pr,).、''/:) Teru IURIYA (Tokyo Univ. of Fisheries),S ecretary 
委 l1 秋111 催U:,',I1U,"f:) \Ilasaru AKIYAi\IA (Shimanc UlIiversity) 
n イftL  tl;JJ1J  (J,/U;(7](J来j、γ YlIshoARUGA (1、okyoUniv.o f Fishereies) 
H  千品!li(,光u.fーi::(筑波}.,:''t) MitslIo CIIIIIARA (Universily o[ Tsukuba) 
H  :Ij (筑波j、学 Te,・uIll、ilslIlloRI (UniversiLy orT sukllba) 
"  kl~(1,:  wf二三(大阪)("/:)く0201VASA(Osaka Universiy) 
1/:附共U:(f~ (:,[0ぐγ:)n llideo IWAsAJ(1( iVIi巴 Univ e rsity ) 
!,I,\~、 京尚C-IUiI.i.illJぐ、 MlIn巴nao1くURUGI(Hokkaido University) 
u
' 小l本 弘(J,/u;(学工 、'下 lIiroIllll1くOBAYA 51 (Tokyo Gakug巴 University)
'' lE!i'c',';Ij(郎C-Iヒ海道jぐ下 TOIllitaroMASAKI( Hokkaido University) 
'i イi111  i',{ifi  (J壬山.:u.;''t) Seiji  MIGITA (Nagasaki University) 
'
'' fly(干一俊 (n>1;:)、学くazutosiNISIZAII'A (Nihon Uni吋 rsity) 
   山川 JよソtC-Iヒ海道k'Y:) Tadao YOSIIIDA (Hokkaido Univer
Jap. j.  Phycol.  (Sorui) 32: 1-9. March 20,1 984 
Mitosis in Spirogyrα(Ch1orophyceae) 
Akira HARADA* a nd Takaaki YA MAGISHI** 
本SeiyuSenior High School,C hizuka,Y ao・City,Osaka,5 81 Japan. 
**Biological Laboratory,C cllege 01 Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,N ihon 
University,K am2Ino,F ujisawa,K anagawa,2 52 Japan. 
HARADA,A .  and YA NIAGISHI,T .  1984.  Mitosis in  Spirogyra  (Chlorophyceae)  jap.  J. 
Phyco .l32: 1-9. 
Mitosis in three species of Spirogyra,S .  crassa,S . crassa X and S. hunanensis, was 
observed.  The chromosome numbers of S. crassa and S. crassa X were 12 and 6r espec-
tively,a nd S. hunanensis had four chromosomes.  The chromocenters and nucleoli,t he 
origin and formation of the chromosomes,th e nucleolar substance,t he nucleolar organizing 
chromosomes, the parallel separation of  chromatids, the stickiness of chromosomes and 
cytokinesis were observed during the mitotic cycle. 
Key /ndex Words: Chlorophyceae; chromocenter; chromosome; cytokinesis; mitosis; 
N. O. chrom:Jsome; nucleolar substance; parallel separation 01 chromosome; sticky 
chromosom2; Spirogyra. 
WISSELINGH (1900) observed mitotic divi- TSUNO and IIYAMA (1971).  TATSUNO and 
sion in Spirogyra and mentioned that chro- lIyA MA published ar eport on the chromosome 
mosomes are derived partly from the nucleolus  numbers of some species,i ncluding three 
and partly from the karyoplasm.  Since then,  species having only two chromosomes. 
special attention has been paid to the origin  However,m any questions on the mitotic 
of the chromosomes and differing opinions  process in Spirogyra remain,a nd in the pre-
regarding this point have been presented by  sent paper,mi tosis in three species,S pirogyra 
various workers (DORAISWA MI 1946).  crassa Kutz.,S . crassa X and S. hunanensis 
GEITLER (1930) and DORAISWA MI (1946)  ]ao,is  described. 
investigated the process of mitotic division 
and suggested that  the  chromosomes are 
Materials and Methods 
derived solely from the karyoplasm and noted 
the existence  of  the  nucleolar substance.  Fertile filaments of S. crassa were collected 
WISSELINGH  (1900), GEITLER  (1930)  and  from rice fields of Shigisan,N ara Prefecture, 
GODWA RD (1950) mentioned the existence of  in  November, 1968,a nd from ]anuary to 
nucleolar organizing chromosomes. GODWA RD  November,1 969.  S. crassa X was collected 
(1954) also observed bipartition of the chro- from Yata,N ara Prefecture,f rom November 
mosomes using the iron alum acetocarmine  1971 till May 1972.  The taxonomic charac-
method (GODWA RD 1948).  GODWA RD (1956),  teristics of this material are similar to  that 
GODWA RD and NEWNHAM (1965) published  of  S.  crassa, except for  the smaller cell 
cytotaxonomical studies of Spirogyra. FOWKE  dimentions,a nd this material was provision-
and PICKETT・HEAPS(1969,1 969a) reported  ally designated as S. crassa X.  S. hunanensis 
the ultrastructural observations of cell division.  was collected from a pond in  Fujii,N ara 
In  ]apan, cytological  investigation  of  Prefecture,i n August,1 971. 
Spirogyra  was conducted  by  SUEMAT SU  The materials were fixed with acetic-alcohol 
(1936),O URA (1935), UEDA (1956) and TA - (1 :3)  mixture.  By mixing the two ftuids
2  !-IARADA,A .a nd YA MlえCfSl-lf,T. 
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Mitosis in Spirogyra (Chlorophyceae)  3 
immediately before use,t his  fixative gave  1950) were clearly observed (Figs. 2,3 a nd 
good results  during staining.  The fixed  4).  When two nucleoli existed in an ucleus, 
materials were stored in the same solution,  each nuclolus had as ingle organizer track. 
and kept in  a freezer box.  Fixation was  Many irregular thread-or rod-shaped chromo-
made at intervals of an hour throughout a  centers were seen in the karyoplasm (Fig. 3). 
twenty-four  hour  period, and  the  most  Near the nucleolus,t here was one or two 
abundant mitotic material was generally ob- small spherical bodies which were as densely 
tained from sunset to midnight.  stained as the nucleolus,a nd had been termed 
For observation,t he modified WITTMANN'S  Nebenkorper by GEITLER (1930)  (Fig.  1). 
(1965) method was employed,a nd serial treat- However,n o activity of these bodies at any 
ments were carried on the slide as follows:  time during the division was observed. 
1)  The fixative was absorbed from the  Prophase:  At this stage,t he organizer 
material by filter paper,a nd the remaining  tracks in the nucleolus appeared as compact 
alcohol was evaporated by heating.  winding cords (Fig. 4).  Many chromocenters 
2)  The material was pretreated with 1N   linearly  arranged  were  observed  in  the 
HC1,a nd one drop of  1-4 iron alum 45%  karyopiasm.  Then,t he chromocenters con・
acetic acid.  densed gradually and chromosomes formed 
3)  Aceto-iron-haematoxylin-chloral  hy- (Fig. 4).  At mid-prophase,t welve chromo-
drate was added to the materia .l This solu- somes were counted.  Two of these were 
tion was made by throughly mixing 2.0 gm  nucleolar  organizing  chromosomes  (N. O. 
of haematoxylin,0 .5 gm of iron alum and  chromosome,G ODWA RD 1950) that connected 
20 gm of chloral hydrate in 50 ml of 45%  with  each  of  nucleolar-organizing region 
acetic acid.  This mixture used immediately  (N.O. region,G ODWARD 1950) in the nucleolus 
after  melting, and gave clear  chromatic  and as atellite ahead of the nucleolus (Fig. 5). 
results.  Furthermore,t he staining ability  At late prophase,t he nucleolus changed into 
was retained for al ong time.  ad eeply stained substance,ca lled the nucleolar 
4)  Then,t he material was heated,a nd  substance (GEITLER 1935),a nd the two N.O. 
squashed with a cover glass.  By heating,  chromosomes and the ten other chromosomes 
the chromosomes were sharply stained and  which originated  from the  chromocenters 
the cytoplasm became transparent.  located in  karyoplasm were compltely en-
veloped in the nucleolar substance. 
Metaphase:  The nucleolar substance was 
Observations. 
lenticular in shape and located in the equato-
1)  SpirogyrαcrαssαKUTZING (n=12)  rial  plate of the nucleus as in S. crassa X 
Interphase:  The nucleus was lenticular,  (Fig.  21).  Twelve  chromosomes  in  the 
and was surrounded by cytoplasm,w hich  nucleolar substance were clearly observed at 
spread out in all  directions as cytoplasmic  this stage.  Two of these chromosomes were 
strands.  The nucleus had one,s ometimes  the N.O. chromosomes and had as atellite at 
two,la rge nucleoli which were seen as bright  one end,a bout 12μm in  length (Fig.  6). 
bodies in  living cells  (Fig.  1).  In  these  The other ten chromosomes were almost the 
nucleoli, two  densely  stained  thread-like  same in length,a bout 10μm.  By pretreat-
structures,ca lled organizer tracks (GODWA RD  ment with 1N  HC1,a b anding pattern clearly 
Figs. 1-10.  Spirogyra crassa (n=12)  1-3. Interphase nucleus: 1. Two nucleoli and Nebenkorper 
(arrow) ;2.  Organizer tracks in an ucleolus; 3.  Chromocenters in karyoplasm; 4-5. Prophase: 4. Two 
organizer tracks  (arrows)  in  a nucleolus and bead-shaped chromosomes; 5.  N. O.  regions (arrows) 
pretreated with HCI; 6-7. Metaphase: 6.  Two N. O. chromosomes with as atellite (arrow); 7. Sticky 
chromosomes; 8-10. Anaphase: 8.  Beginning of  parallel separation and ladder shaped chromosomes; 
9.  Symmetric arrangement of  chromatids in  each daughter nucleolar substance; 10. Two horn-shaped 
N. O. chromosomes (arrows).  (Scale bars=10 pm).
4  HARf\DA,A .a nd YA~IAGISIII,  T 
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Mitosis in  Spirogyra (Chlorophyceae) 
5 
appeared on the chromosomes of this stage,  by the plate. 
and the number of bands on each chromosome  2)  SpirogyrαcrassαX( n=6) 
was nearly constant (Fig. 6).  Some of the  At the begining of prophase,t he nucleus 
chromosomes in  metaphase  showed  some  and the nucleolus began to swell up,a nd the 
stickiness,a nd were connected with one  organizer track in  the nucleolus gradually 
another by as ticky substance at the end or  became loose and short (Fig. 13).  At midpro
・
side (Fig. 7). 
phase,t he chromocenters connected to each 
Anaphase:  In early anaphase,t he lenticu- other and formed six bead-shaped chromo-
lar  nucleolar substance began to  separate  somes.  Two of these chromosomes were the 
parallel to the equatorial plate of the nucleus.  N.O. chromosomes (Fig. 14).  The nucleolar 
Twelve chromatids embedded in  this  sub- substance was formed as in S. crassa  (Fig. 
stance were thus moved to the opposite poles.  21).  The spindle was organized at four cor-
As ar esult of the separation of the nucleolar  ners of the nucleus (Figs. 15 and 16).  The 
substance into  two round shaped disks,a ll  barrel-shaped spindle developed gradually and 
of the chromosomes began to  separate in  was finally completed at late prophase (Fig. 
paralle .l Then the densely stained portions  17). 
of each chromosome began to strech and all  In metaphase,t he two N.O. chromosomes 
the chromosomes assumed a ladder shape  were about 12μm in length and the other 
(Fig. 8).  As the satellite of the N.O. chro- four were the same shape and about 8μm 
mosomes separated later than the other parts,  in length (Fig.  18).  On the chromosomes, 
it  was often seen as two trails or horn-Iike  banding pattern was clearly observed. 
processes between the two nucleolar substance  At early anaphase,i n  strongly squashed 
(Figs. 9a nd 10).  The twelve chromatids in  preparations,b y bipartition of the chromo-
each nucleolar substance disk was assumed  somes,t he densely stained bands stretched, 
to have as ymmetric position (Fig.  9).  and two parallel chromatids showed al adder 
Telophase:  The chromatids that reached  shape (Fig.  19).  At a later  stage,t hese 
each pole became fragments or  rod-shaped  chromatids separated from each other,b ut 
chromocenters.  The daughter nucleolar sub- the satellite of the N.O. chromosomes sepa-
stances changed from ar ound to  a spongy  rated later,as  observed in S. crassa (Fig. 20). 
form and then to irregular shaped masses.  Finally,a n ew cross wall was formed in the 
At the end of telophase,o ne or two nucleoli  same way as that in S. crassa. 
occured in  each daughter nucleus (Figs. 11  3)  Spirogyrαhllnαnensis Jao (n=4) 
and 12).  At the begining of prophase,a bout 20 dot-
Cytokinesis : At late  prophase,a   ring  shaped chromocenters were observed in  the 
consisting of minute granules appeared inside  karyoplasm (Fig.  22).  The chromocenters 
the cell wall at the middle of the cel .l The  gradually joined with each other and formed 
ring was identified as two circles of granules  four bead-Iike chromosomes.  Two of these 
which were unstainable and were not affected  were connected at  their  terminals in  the 
by heating (Figs.  20, 21  and 26).  After  nucleoli (Fig. 23).  In metaphase,f our chro-
nuclear division,t he granular ring developed  mosomes embedded in the nucleolar substance 
centripetally into ac ell plate,a nd chloroplasts  lined  up on the equatorial plate.  All four 
and cytoplasm were divided into  two cells  chromosomes were rod-shaped and 5-6μm in 
Figs. 11-12.  Spirogyra crassa (n =12 )  11-12. Te[ophase: 11.  Fragmented chromosomes; 12.  Newly 
formed nucleoli. 
Figs. 13-20.  Spirogyra crassa X (n=6)  13-16. Prophase: 13-14. Two organizer tracks  (arrows) 
and six  bead.shaped chromosomes; 15-16.  Spindle formation and nuclear membrane (arrow) ;17 -18. 
Metaphase: 17. Spindle and chromosomes enveloped with nucleolar substance; 18. Two N. O. chromoso. 
mes (arrows);  19-20. Anaphase: 19. Parallel separation of  chromnomes showing ladder-shape;  20. 
Two daughter nuclei and dictyosomes (arrow).  (Scale bars= 10μm).
6  HARADA, A. and Yf\ lvIAGISl ,Jl T. 
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Fig.2 1.  Spi7'Ogyγa crassa X.  21.  Metaphase.  Six chromosomeS embedded in  nucleo!ar substance 
and  dictyosomes (arrow). 
Figs.  22-26. 5戸irogyrahunanensis  (n= 4) 22-23.P rophas巴:22.T wo organizer tracks (arrow)a nd 
chromocentrs;23. Four bead.shaped  chromosomes;2 4-25.M etaphase: 24. Four chromosomes having 
巴
bands; 25. Parallels parationof chromosomes; 26. Anaphase:26 . Symmetric arrangement of chromatids 
巴
andd ictyosomes (arrow). (Scale bars=1 0μm) 
length.  The two N.O. chromosomes had a  Densely stained chromocentersa nd nucleoli 
satellite at their tips.  Each chromosomeh ad  in interphase nuclei are prominent features 
clear bands (Figs. 24 and 25). At anaphase,  of  5戸irogyra. GODWA RD (1956) mentioned 
the nucleolar substance enclosing four chro- that the nature of  the chromocenter was 
mosomes spilt transversally into  two.  On  regarded as a feature of  cytotaxonomical 
the chromatids of this stage,t h巴sameband- significance in Stirogyra.  J-Iowever,v arious 
ing pattern characterized metaphase chromo- forms of chromocenters,th read-or dot-shaped, 
somes was observed (Fig. 26).  wer巴 observedin each of the three speci巴S
investigated, and of the other species used 
for coromosome observation  (HARADA and 
Discussion 
YA MAGISHI, in preparation). Thus,a  c1ear 
Through the present study on three species,  specificity of the chromocentersc an not be 
S.  crassa,S .  crassa X and S.  hunanensis,a   recognized. GODWA RD( 1950,1 956)s uggested 
general mitotic  cycle of  Stirogyra can be  that the number of nucleoli and the organizer 
shown in diagramaticf orm (Fig.  27).  tracks in each nucleusw as related with the
Mitosis in Spirogyra (Chlorophyceae)  7 
A  B  C  D 
H 
Fig. 27.  Diagram showing mitosis in  Spirogyra.  A. Interphase; B-C. Prophase; D. Metaphase; 
E-G. Anaphase. bipartition of chromosomes enclosed with the nucleolar substance; H-I.  Telophase. 
(c: cytoplasm,p : pyrenoid,c p: chloroplast,n : nucleus,n l: nucleolus,c c: chromocenter,o t: organizer 
track,s f: spindle fiber,n s: nucleolar substance,s t:  satellite,n or: nucleolar organizing region,n oc: 
nucleolar organizing chromosome,d : dictyosome). 
number of the N.O. chromosomes.  Through  over,i t  was confirmed that the number of 
the observation of the three species,it  is  bands on each of the four chromosomes is 
confirmed that the number of the nucleoli  equivalent to the numbers of chromocenters 
coincides with the number of the organizer  appeared in early prophase in S. hunanensis 
tracks.  (Figs. 23 and 24). 
GEITLER (1930, 1935)  and DORAISWA MI  GEITLER (1935)五rstdescribed the nucleolar 
(1946) reported that all of the chromosomes  substance in Spirogyra.  DORAISWA MI (1946) 
originated from the karyoplasm in Spirogyra.  also suggested that the nucleolus changed 
However,it   was observed that all  of the  into as ubstance,c alled the granullar homo-
chromosomes except the N.O. chromosomes  genous substance,i n midprophase.  In Siro・
were formed from the  iinearly  arranged  gonium (Zygnemataceae),a s imilar substance 
bead-like chromocenters in the karyoplasm,  was also  reported  by WELLS (1969)  and 
as  mentioned by WISSELINGH (1900)  and  HARADA (1981).  GODWA RD (1953) traced the 
GODWA RD (1954).  The banding pattern  relationship of the nucleolus and the nucleolar 
(Figs. 6,1 8 and 24) in the chromosomes at  substance in S. crωsa.  Figures 14-16 show 
metaphase became clear  in pretreated pre- that the nucleolus completely loses its sharp 
paration by 1N  HC1.  The number of  the  outline,t hen changes into the nucleolar sub-
bands in each chromosome in metaphase is  stance.  During late prophase,al l the chro-
constant in three species investigated.  More- mosomes are completely embedded inside the
8  HARADA,A . and YA MAGISHI,T . 
nucleolar substance.  This substance scatters  nucleolar substance itself. 
and changes its original form in the squashed  Sometimes chromosomes in metaphase are 
preparation of mid,a nd late prophase,a nd it  connected to one another with sticky threads 
remains only around the N.O. regions (Fig.  at the terminals or the sides.  At anaphase, 
5),a s GODWA RD mentioned.  each chromosome shows a ladder shaped 
WISSELINGH (1900) and GEITLER (1930) ob- chromatic figure at the beginning of separation 
served the N.O. chromosomes in some species  (Figs.  8 and 19).  GEITLER (1930) first ob-
of Spirogyra.  GODWA RD (1950,1 953) illus- served the stickiness between the chromosomes 
trated ag radual emergence of the organizer  in  S.  crassa.  Moreover,G ODWA RD (1950, 
tracks and development of the N.O. chromo- 1953,19 54) mentioned that the sticky matrix 
somes in  S.  crassa.  Throughout this  in- was the nucleolar substance itself.  By the 
vestigation from eariy prophase to metaphase  staining method used in this study,t he chro-
in the three species,it  is demonstrated that  mosomes are distinguishable from the nucle-
the process of N.O.  chromosome formation  olar substance or nucleolus by their staining 
agrees with GODWA RD'S observations.  More- ability.  After pretreatment with 1N  HC1, 
over,t he existence of the N.O.  regions in  the staining ability of the chromosomes de-
the nucleolus was ascertained by the pre- creases in contrast to the nucleolar substance, 
treatment with 1N  HC1,w hich decreased the  which is  never stained.  By this  method, 
staining ability of  the nucleolus (Fig.  5).  chromatic strands or sticky threads between 
GEITLER (1930) and GODWA RD (1953) reported  the chromatids and the  chromosomes are 
the existence of as atellite of the N.O. chro- stained in  the same degree as the chromo-
mosome which projected from the nucleolar  somes.  Judging from the staining ability,it  
substance.  In  this study,t he satellite  at  is  considered that the sticky threads and 
metaphase was observed as a horn-shaped  sticky substance are composed the S9.me sub-
projection.  Moreover,it  was confirmed that  stance as the chromosomes. 
the satellite does not slough off and is com- WISSELINGH (1902) observed that the spindle 
pletely enclosed in  the nucleolar substance  did not develop to extend to the karyoplasm 
(Figs. 6a nd 18).  through the nuclear membrane in S. setiformis. 
GEITLER (1930) first mentioned the parallel  The spindle formation was also investigated 
separation of chromosomes in S. crassa,a nd  in  detail  by  GEITLER  (1930, 1935)  and 
he attributed this to the fluidity of the spindle  DORAISWA MI (1946).  Spindle formation was 
and  the  rigidity  of  the  chromosomes.  observed in S. crassa X (Figs. 15,1 6 and 17) 
GODWA RD (1954) considered that the separa- in material stained but not squashed,b ecause 
tion of the chromatids was due to  the fact  the spindle loses  its  structure in squashed 
that  the  chromosomes had polycentric or  preparations.  The process of spindle forma-
diffuse centromeres instead of a localized  tion is similar to that described by GEITLER 
centromere.  The barrel-shaped spindle and  (1930) for S. crassa. 
the parallel separation of the chromosomes  Cells which entered into  division always 
are observed in the three species used in this  had ac ircle of minute granules (Figs. 20,21  
study,a s has been reported by the previous  and 26),c alled  dictyosomes (WELLS 1969), 
workers.  When the chromatids separate in  at  the area where the new wall is formed. 
parallel and move to opposite poles,t he chro- These organelles  were  also  observed  in 
matids hold the same position and the same  Sirogonium by HARADA (1981),a nd in Zyg-
shape in each daughter nucleolar substance  nema by HARADA and YA MAGISHI (1980). 
in  polar view (Figs.  9,2 0 and 26).  This 
phenomenon may mean that the chromosome 
References 
itself  does not divide into two chromatids, 
but that the parallel separation of the chro- DORAISWAMI,S.   1946.  Nuclear division in  Spi-
mosomes may be due to the separation of the  rogyra.  ].  Indian Bot. Soc. 25: 19-36.
Description:全長約 3cm: tJJJUl:!i~は又状ないし互生~lJ状に分裂. し 裂nのJ巨大幅 . 判東京水産大学植物学教室 (108東京都港区港南 4-5-7). ARAI, S.andARAI,