Table Of ContentPaddlefish
Aquaculture
Paddlefish
Aquaculture
Edited by
Steven D. Mims
Department of Aquaculture (Emeritus), Kentucky State University
Frankfort, Kentucky, USA
and
William L. Shelton
Biology Department (Emeritus), University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data:
ISBN: 9780813810584
Cover image: Mississippi Paddlefish © mujdatuzel
Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
Contents
Contributors xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
William L. Shelton and Steven D. Mims
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Historical Fishery Overview 2
1.3 Overview of Natural Reproduction 5
1.4 International Regulating Factors 5
1.5 Why Culture Paddlefish? 6
References 6
Chapter 2 Biology 11
William L. Shelton
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Taxonomic Relationships 11
Taxonomic Hierarchy 11
2.3 Biogeography 12
2.3.1 Native Range 12
2.3.2 River Systems 12
2.3.3 Reservoir Systems 13
2.3.4 Non‐Native Introductions 14
2.3.5 Gene Pool 14
2.3.6 Habitat 17
2.4 Anatomy 17
2.4.1 General Anatomical Features 17
2.4.2 Rostrum or Paddle 20
2.4.3 Internal Anatomy 22
Skeleton 22
Gill Rakers 22
Digestive System 23
vi Contents
Female Reproductive System – General 24
Ontogeny of the Ovary and Seasonal Oogenesis 25
Male Reproductive System – General 26
Ontogeny of the Testes and Seasonal Spermatogenesis 26
2.5 Physiology 28
2.5.1 Swimming Behavior 28
2.5.2 Stress Response 28
2.5.3 Ram Ventilation 29
2.5.4 Respiration 29
2.5.5 Water Temperature 30
2.5.6 Metabolism 30
2.5.7 Osmoregulation 32
2.5.8 Sensory (Eyes, Nares) 32
2.5.9 Electroreceptors 33
2.6 Reproductive Biology 34
2.6.1 Gonadal Development and Sex Determination 34
2.6.2 Reproduction 37
2.6.3 Sexual Maturity and Spawning Frequency 37
2.6.4 Pituitary Gland 38
2.6.5 Fecundity 39
2.6.6 Natural Spawning 40
2.6.7 Egg Maturation and Ovulation 40
2.6.8 Fertilization 42
2.6.9 Developmental Embryogeny 43
2.6.10 Developmental Rate (tau, τ) 44
0
2.6.11 Cleavage and Gastrulation 47
2.6.12 Organogenesis 48
2.6.13 Larvae and Juveniles 49
2.7 Ecology and Management of Natural Stocks 51
2.7.1 Food Habits 51
2.7.2 Growth – Juveniles 51
2.7.3 Age and Growth 53
2.7.4 Potential Fishery Yield 55
2.7.5 Sport Fishing 57
2.7.6 Commercial Fishing 58
2.8 Fish Culture 61
2.8.1 Domestic Culture for Stocking Programs 61
2.8.2 Foodfish Culture 62
2.9 Summary 63
References 63
Chapter 3 Propagation and Early Culture Techniques 77
Steven D. Mims and William L. Shelton
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 Hatchery and Nursery Facilities 77
3.2.1 Location 77
3.2.2 Water Supply and Quality 77
3.2.3 Brood and Culture Tanks 79
3.3 Brooders 79
Contents vii
3.4 Induced Spawning 80
3.4.1 Brooder Selection by Egg Evaluation 80
3.4.2 Hormones and Injection Guidelines 81
3.5 Gamete Collection 86
3.5.1 Spermiating and Sperm Collection 86
3.5.2 Morphology and Characteristics of Paddlefish Milt
and Spermatozoa 86
3.5.3 Sperm Cryopreservation 87
3.5.4 Ovulation and Egg Collection 90
3.6 Fertilization and Egg Incubation 92
3.7 Fry Hatching and Development 96
3.8 Sex Manipulation 97
3.8.1 Induced Meiotic Gynogenesis and
Expected Sex Ratio 98
3.8.2 Sex Reversal 103
3.9 Shipment and Transport 106
3.10 Feeding 107
3.10.1 Critical Feeding Period 107
3.10.2 Daphnias as Live Food 108
3.10.3 Daphnia Morphology and Anatomy 109
3.10.4 Daphnia Reproduction 110
3.10.5 Environmental Factors for Daphnia Growth 111
3.10.6 Daphnia Cultivation and Harvest 111
3.10.7 Prepared Diets 111
3.11 Phase‐0, ‐I, and ‐II Paddlefish Culture 112
3.11.1 Phase‐I Culture 112
3.11.2 Phase‐I Pond Culture 112
3.11.3 Phase‐I Tank Culture 114
3.11.4 P hase‐I Comparison of Live Food Versus
Prepared Diets 115
3.12 Phase‐II Culture Systems 117
3.12.1 Phase‐II Pond Culture 117
3.12.2 Phase‐II Pond Water Quality 117
3.12.3 Aquatic Weed Control 118
3.12.4 P hase‐II Tank Culture Using Decommissioned
Wastewater Treatment Facilities 119
3.13 Summary 120
References 122
Chapter 4 Paddlefish Production for Meat and Caviar 129
Richard J. Onders and Steven D. Mims
4.1 Introduction 129
4.2 Polyculture 129
4.2.1 Open Pond System 129
4.2.2 In‐Pond Raceway System 130
4.3 Intensive Monoculture 132
4.4 Extensive Pen Culture 134
4.5 Reservoir Ranching 135
4.5.1 Private Reservoirs 136
viii Contents
4.5.2 Public Waters 138
Public Waters in China and the United States 138
Socio‐Political and Economic Considerations 139
Conflicts With Sport Fishing 141
Biological Considerations 142
4.5.3 Reservoir Ranching Study 142
4.5.4 Bioenergetics Modeling 143
4.5.5 Losses of Stocked Paddlefish 144
Predation 144
Escape of Stocked Paddlefish 148
Poaching 148
4.6 Summary 149
References 150
Chapter 5 Paddlefish: International Status 153
Steven D. Mims
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 International History 155
5.2.1 Introduction as a Foodfish 155
5.2.2 Paddlefish as an Ornamental Fish 156
5.3 Non‐US Countries with Paddlefish Aquaculture 157
5.3.1 Russia 157
5.3.2 Ukraine 157
5.3.3 Bulgaria 159
5.3.4 Czech Republic 160
5.3.5 Poland 160
5.3.6 China 160
5.4 Chinese Paddlefish 167
5.4.1 Life History 167
5.4.2 Descriptive Morphology 168
5.4.3 Feeding 168
5.4.4 Sexual Maturity and Spawning 168
5.4.5 Potential Propagation and Cultivation Techniques 169
5.4.6 Chinese Paddlefish Broodfish Exploration 171
5.5 Regulations and Permits 171
5.5.1 International Union for the Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) 171
5.5.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES) 173
5.5.3 Lacey Act 174
5.5.4 Practical Examples of Lacey Act Violations 175
5.5.5 Conspiracy Act 176
5.6 Summary 176
References 177
Chapter 6 Paddlefish Food Products 179
Joshua L. Herring and Steven D. Mims
6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 Caviar 179
