Table Of Content

Packaging Materials and Processing for Food, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics SCIENCES Agronomy and Food Science, Field Directors – Jack Legrand and Gilles Trystram Packaging and Recycling, Subject Head – Frédéric Debeaufort Packaging Materials and Processing for Food, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Coordinated by Frédéric Debeaufort Kata Galić Mia Kurek Nasreddine Benbettaieb Mario Ščetar First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Frédéric Debeaufort, Kata Galić, Mia Kurek, Nasreddine Benbettaieb and Mario Ščetar to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020951536 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78945-039-2 ERC code: LS9 Applied Life Sciences, Biotechnology, and Molecular and Biosystems Engineering LS9_5 Food sciences (including food technology, food safety, nutrition) Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Frédéric DEBEAUFORT, Kata GALIĆ, Mia KUREK, Nasreddine BENBETTAIEB and Mario ŠČETAR Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Frédéric DEBEAUFORT, Kata GALIĆ, Mia KUREK, Nasreddine BENBETTAIEB and Mario ŠČETAR Introduction to Food Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Frédéric DEBEAUFORT and Kata GALIĆ Chapter 1. Wood-based Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Frédéric DEBEAUFORT 1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. Wood as a raw material for food packaging: characteristics, requirements, limitations and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3. Pallets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4. Boxes, crates and trays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5. Barrels and casks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6. Wood package–food interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 vi Packaging Materials and Processing for Food, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Chapter 2. Papers and Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Frédéric DEBEAUFORT 2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2. Pulp and cellulose extraction for paper-based materials . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.1. Mechanical and thermomechanical pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.2. Chemi-mechanical pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.3. Chemical pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.4. Recycled paper pulping and non-wood pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.2.5. Pulp bleaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.2.6. Pulp properties and uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3. Paper production and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1. Paper sheet processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.2. Types of paper for packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3.3. Paper-based bags, sacks and spiral wound containers . . . . . . . . 32 2.4. Paperboards and containerboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4.1. Paperboard processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4.2. Paperboard types and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.5. Corrugated paperboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5.1. Corrugated board history and economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5.2. Corrugated board processing and characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5.3. Corrugated board sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.6. Regulations and safety concerns of papers and boards . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Chapter 3. Glass Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Frédéric DEBEAUFORT 3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2. Composition and properties of glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2.1. Glass composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2.2. Chemical and functional properties of glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3. Glass manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3.1. Collection of raw materials and mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.3.2. Melting in furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.3.3. Shaping/molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3.4. Annealing and surface treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.4. Bottle design and terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.5. Lifecycle, recycling and safety concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Contents vii Chapter 4. Metal Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Frédéric DEBEAUFORT 4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.2. Metal packaging types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.3. Composition and properties: metals and alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.3.1. Steel-based (iron-based) and tin-plated steel materials . . . . . . . . 79 4.3.2. Tin-free steel or ECCS (electrolytic chromium oxide-coated steel) materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.3.3. Stainless steel for food packaging materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.3.4. Aluminum-based materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.4. Can manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.4.1. Three-piece can-making process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.4.2. Two-piece can manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.4.3. Can end making and seaming onto can bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.5. Can surface treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.6. Food–can interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Chapter 5. Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Mario ŠČETAR 5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2. Plastic materials and processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.3. Plastic films for packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.3.1. Plastic classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.3.2. Plastic packaging shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.4. Properties of plastic packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.4.1. General properties of plastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.4.2. Barrier properties of plastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.4.3. Food packaging interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.5. Plastic packaging innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.6. Plastic waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.7. Legislation for food contact materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chapter 6. Multilayer Packaging Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Mario ŠČETAR 6.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6.2. Multilayer materials and their production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.2.1. Adhesive lamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.2.2. Extrusion and coextrusion lamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 viii Packaging Materials and Processing for Food, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics 6.2.3. Thermal lamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.2.4. Metallized films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.3. Properties of laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.3.1. Barrier properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.3.2. Interaction between packaging material and food . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.4. Packaging application of laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.5. Environmental and waste management issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Chapter 7. Bio-based Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Mia KUREK and Nasreddine BENBETTAIEB 7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 7.2. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 7.2.1. Bio-based plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 7.2.2. Biodegradable plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 7.2.3. Compostable materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.3. Classification of bio-based materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.3.1. Polymers directly extracted from biomass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 7.3.2. Polymers produced by chemical synthesis from biomass monomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.3.3. Polymers produced directly by natural or genetically modified organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.3.4. Petrochemical-based polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7.4. Industrial relevance and future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7.5. List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7.6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Chapter 8. Active and Intelligent Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Nasreddine BENBETTAIEB 8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.2. Active packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 8.2.1. Scavenger systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 8.2.2. Releaser/emitter systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 8.2.3. Other active packaging systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.3. Intelligent packaging: concepts and commercial applications . . . . . . 202 8.3.1. Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.3.2. Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.3.3. Data carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 8.3.4. Providing more convenience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 8.3.5. Controlling theft, counterfeiting and tampering . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Contents ix 8.4. Consumer safety and related regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 8.5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Chapter 9. Packaging Caps and Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Kata GALIĆ 9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 9.2. Closure types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 9.2.1. Closures to retain internal pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 9.2.2. Closures to contain and protect contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 9.2.3. Closures to maintain a vacuum inside the container . . . . . . . . . 228 9.2.4. Closures to secure contents inside a container . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.3. Specialized types of closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.3.1. Dispensing and metering closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.3.2. Tamper-evident closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 9.3.3. Child-resistant closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 9.3.4. Easy-open closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 9.4. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Chapter 10. Auxiliary Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Mia KUREK and Mario ŠČETAR 10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 10.2. Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 10.2.1. Coatings on metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 10.2.2. Coatings on plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 10.2.3. Coatings on paper and glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 10.2.4. Surface treatments and coating application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 10.3. Adhesives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 10.4. Printing inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 10.5. Interaction between packaging and contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 10.5.1. Permeation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 10.5.2. Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 10.6. Future trends and challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 10.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Chapter 11. Food Packaging Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Kata GALIĆ 11.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 11.2. Packaging operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 11.2.1. Food wrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 11.2.2. Food bagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 x Packaging Materials and Processing for Food, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics 11.2.3. Form-fill-seal packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 11.2.4. Blister packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 11.3. Packaging for thermally processed food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 11.3.1. Canning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 11.3.2. Retortable pouches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 11.3.3. Aseptic packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 11.3.4. Ohmic heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 11.3.5. Infrared treated pre-packaged food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 11.3.6. Radiofrequency treated pre-packaged food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 11.3.7. Microwavable packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 11.4. Packaging for non-thermally processed food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 11.4.1. High hydrostatic pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 11.4.2. Pulsed electric fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 11.4.3. Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 11.4.4. Pulsed light technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 11.5. Packaging with atmosphere modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 11.5.1. Vacuum and vacuum skin packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 11.5.2. Inert atmosphere packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 11.5.3. Controlled atmosphere packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 11.5.4. Modified atmosphere packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 11.6. List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 11.7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Chapter 12. Packaging Marking and Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Mia KUREK 12.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 12.2. Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 12.3. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 12.3.1. Food labeling requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 12.3.2. Food packaging symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 12.4. Material and label production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 12.4.1. Self-adhesive (pressure-sensitive) labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 12.4.2. In-mold labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 12.4.3. Sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 12.4.4. “Smart” and digital labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 12.5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

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Packaging Materials and Processing for Food, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics PDF

381 Pages·2021·22.986 MB·English
by  Kata Galic, Mia Kurek, Nasreddine Benbettaieb, Frederic Debeaufort, Mario Scetar
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Author:Kata Galic, Mia Kurek, Nasreddine Benbettaieb, Frederic Debeaufort, Mario Scetar
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