Table Of ContentМинистерство транспорта Российской Федерации
Федеральное агентство железнодорожного транспорта
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
"Дальневосточный государственный университет путей сообщения"
Кафедра "Иностранные языки и межкультурная коммуникация"
Ю.С. Максимова
СТРАНОВЕДЕНИЕ СТРАН АТР
PACIFIC-RIM COUNTRIES STUDIES
Рекомендовано
методическим советом по качеству
образовательной деятельности ДВГУПС
в качестве учебного пособия
Хабаровск
Издательство ДВГУПС
2019
1
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК Ш143.21я73
М 17
Рецензенты:
Кафедра языковой подготовки
Морского государственного университета им. адм. Г.И. Невельского
(заведующий кафедрой кандидат филологических наук,
доцент О.А. Шурыгина)
Кандидат педагогических наук,
доцент кафедры методики и иностранных языков ТОГУ
Н.Р. Максимова
Максимова, Ю.С.
М 17 Страноведение стран АТР = Pacific-Rim Countries Studies :
учеб. пособие / Ю.С. Максимова. – Хабаровск : Изд-во ДВГУПС,
2019. – 80 с.
ISBN 978-5-262-00853-7
Cоответствует рабочей программе дисциплины «Страноведение».
Раскрывает основные темы учебной дисциплины и может быть
использовано для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов.
Предназначено для студентов 3-го курса всех форм обучения по спе-
циальности 38.03.02 «Менеджмент» в качестве учебного ресурса, кото-
рый призван способствовать освоению учебной дисциплины, преподава-
емой на иностранном языке.
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК Ш143.21я73
ISBN 978-5-262-00853-7 © ДВГУПС, 2019
2
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
INTRODUCTION
Особенности геополитического положения дальневосточного региона
России предопределяет важность политических, экономических, куль-
турных и общественных контактов со странами-соседями по АТР. Осво-
ение дисциплины «Страноведение» призвано помочь будущим специ-
алистам в области менеджмента и смежных профессий познакомиться с
партнёрами по региону и приобрести знания об исторических, географи-
ческих и социальных аспектах жизнеустройства пяти одних из наиболее
значимых государств, входящих в блок Азиатско-Тихоокеанского реги-
она: Соединённых Штатов Америки, Канады, Японии, Китайской Народ-
ной Республики и Республики Корея.
Данное пособие включает учебный материал, отобранный в соответ-
ствии с учебной программой и требованиями, предъявляемыми к осво-
ению учебной дисциплины «Страноведение».
Тематически пособие организовано по главам, освещающим назван-
ные страны. Разделы каждой главы включают информацию по истории,
географии, экономике и общественному устройству пяти государств в
конспективном изложении, мини-глоссарий с ключевыми словами и вы-
ражениями по разделу и блок заданий для проверки усвоения изложен-
ного материала, вопросы для обсуждения и самостоятельной работы.
Приложение, включающее тексты на русском языке по представленным
главам, и тест множественного выбора помогут в освоении основного
учебного материала.
Пособие адресовано студентам 3-го курса направления 38.03.02
«Менеджмент» и родственных направлений и может быть использовано
для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов.
3
1. UNITED STATES of AMERICA
WARM-UP
Do you know about the country’s location and attractions?
Have you heard of the idea of “a melting pot”? What is it about?
What is “the American Dream”?
1.1. History
mainland – материк, материковые земли authority – власть
Hohokam, Adenans, Hopewellians, self-government – самоуправление
Anasazi, Hopi, Zuni – названия племён postwar – послевоенный
первых коренных жителей Америки reconstruction – восстановление
hieroglyphics – иероглифы, Civil War – гражданская война
иероглифическое письмо и изображения to last – длиться
to disappear – исчезать to fail – потерпеть неудачу
the Norse – скандинавы, норвежцы decisive – решающий
permanent– постоянный to delay – откладывать
settlement – поселение to surrender – сдаваться
to land – высадиться, приземлиться to unite – объединять
explorer – исследователь (земель) transformation – изменения
political or religious freedom – Indian tribes – племена индейцев
политическая свобода или свобода to co-exist – сосуществовать
вероисповедания to emerge – появляться, возникать
to gain – получать, приобретать to ratify – ратифицировать
slave/slavery – раб/рабство amendments – поправки
to act as – действовать в качестве the Bill of Rights – Билль о Правах
to pass laws – принимать законы diverse – разнообразный
The first “Americans” crossed the land bridge from Asia. Historians believe
that they lived in what now is Alaska for thousands of years. They moved
south into today’s mainland United States. They lived by the Pacific Ocean in
the Northwest, in the mountains and deserts of the Southwest, and along the
Mississippi River in the Midwest.
Historians believe that the Norse may have been the first Europeans to
arrive. They came from Greenland, where Erik the Red had started a
settlement around 985. In 1001, Erik’s son, Leif, explored the northeast coast
of what now is Canada. Remaining pieces of Norse houses were found in
northern Newfoundland.
It took almost 500 years for other Europeans to reach North America, and
another 100 for them to build permanent settlements. The first explorers did
not know about America. They were looking for a way to go to Asia from
Europe by sea. Other Europeans who arrived later – mostly Spanish and
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Portuguese, but also Dutch, French, and British – came for land and the
riches of the “New World.”
The most famous explorer was Christopher Columbus. He was Italian, but
Queen Isabella of Spain paid for his trips. Columbus landed on islands in the
Caribbean Sea in 1492. He never reached what is now the United States.
In 1497, John Cabot, an explorer sailing for England, landed in eastern
Canada. His arrival established a British claim to land in North America.
During the 1500s, Spain explored and claimed more land in the Americas
than did any other country. In 1513, Juan Ponce de Léon landed in Florida.
Hernando De Soto landed in Florida in 1539 and then explored all the way to
the Mississippi River.
Spain conquered Mexico in 1522. In 1540, Francisco Vázquez de
Coronado wanted to find the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola. He started
looking in Mexico and then traveled north to the Grand Canyon in Arizona
and into the Great Plains.
Other Europeans, such as Giovanni da Verrazano, Jacques Cartier, and
Amerigo Vespucci, explored further north. The two American continents were
named after Amerigo Vespucci.
The first permanent European settlement in North America was Spanish.
It was built in St. Augustine in Florida. People started to come to the New
World to live. These people were immigrants from Europe. Most people who
came to the British colonies in the 1600s were English. Others came from
The Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, France, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
By 1690, 250,000 people lived in the New World. By 1790, there were
2.5 million people.
In time, the 13 colonies developed within three distinct regions.
The middle colonies included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, and Maryland. The weather was milder and the countryside was
more varied. People worked in industry and agriculture. The society was
more diverse and sophisticated. The Southern colonies included Virginia,
Georgia, and North Carolina and South Carolina.
The relationships between settlers and Native Americans (also called
Indians) were good and bad. In some areas, the two groups traded and were
friendly. In most cases, as the settlements grew bigger, the settlers forced the
Indians to move.
As time went on, all the colonies developed governments based on the
British tradition of citizen participation. They passed laws that limited the
power of the royal governor and increased their own authority.
Britain’s 13 colonies grew in population and economic strength during the
1700s. Although ruled by a distant government, the colonists governed many
local affairs. The colonists were asked to help pay for the costly war with
5
France in the 1750s, and for Britain’s large empire. These policies restricted
the colonists’ way of life. All the colonies except Georgia sent representatives
to Philadelphia in September 1774 to talk about their “present unhappy state.”
It was the First Continental Congress. Colonists were angry with the British
for taking away their rights. They began collecting weapons and getting men
ready – waiting for the fight for independence.
The American Revolution and the war for independence from Britain
began with a small fight between British troops and colonists on April 19,
1775. More than half of colonial representatives voted to go to war against
Britain at the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. They decided to
form one army from the colonial forces. George Washington of Virginia
became the commander-in-chief.
The Second Continental Congress created a committee to write a
document that outlined the colonies’ complaints against the king and
explained their decision to separate from Britain. The Declaration of
Independence told the world of a new nation and its beliefs about human
freedom. It argued that political rights are basic human rights and are
universal. The Second Continental Congress accepted this document on July
4, 1776. The Fourth of July became Independence Day in the United States.
In 1778, France recognized the United States as an independent country
and signed a treaty of alliance. In 1783 Britain and other nations recognized
the United States as an independent nation.
The Constitution provided the framework for the new government.
The national government could create money, impose taxes, deal with foreign
countries, keep an army, create a postal system, and wage war. To keep the
government from becoming too strong, the U.S. Constitution divided it into
three equal parts – a legislature (Congress), an executive (president), and a
judicial system (Supreme Court). Each part worked to make sure the other
parts did not take power that belonged to the others.
On September 17, 1787, most of the delegates of the Continental
Congress signed the new Constitution. It took about a year to ratify the
Constitution. When the first U.S. Congress met in New York City in
September 1789, the delegates proposed a number of amendments to the
Constitution to list these rights. They added 10 amendments, known as the
Bill of Rights. Since then, only 17 amendments have been added to the
Constitution in more than 200 years.
George Washington became the first president of the United States on
April 30, 1789. He had been in charge of the army. As president, his job was
to create a working government. With Congress, he created the Treasury,
Justice, and War departments.
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The American Civil War between “free” (Northern) and “slave” (Southern)
states started in April 1861. The South claimed the right to leave the United
States, also called the Union, because the North was against the slavery.
The war lasted four years. In April 1865 the Civil War was over. More
Americans died in the Civil War than in any other U.S. conflict.
By 1900, the United States had seen growth, civil war, economic prosperity,
and economic hard times. Americans still believed in religious freedom. Free
public education was mostly accessible. The free press continued.
During the Progressive Era, more immigrants settled in the United States.
Almost 19 million people arrived between 1890 and 1921 from Russia,
Poland, Greece, Canada, Italy, Mexico, and Japan.
Between two World wars many Americans were uneasy with big
government decisions, but they also wanted the government to help ordinary
people. These programs helped, but they didn’t solve the economic problems.
The United States remained neutral while Germany, Italy, and Japan
attacked other countries. Although many people wished to stay out of these
conflicts, Congress voted to draft soldiers and began to strengthen the
military. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii. The United States declared war on Japan. Because Germany
and Italy were allies of Japan, they declared war on America.
After World War II, the United States and Great Britain had long-term
disagreements with the Soviet Union over the future of Europe, which is
called the Cold War. The United States wanted stability, democracy, and
open trade. Because it feared that postwar economic weakness would
increase the popularity of communism, the U.S. offered European nations
including the Soviet Union large sums of money to repair the war damage
and help their economies. The Soviet Union and the communist nations of
Eastern Europe turned down the offer. By 1952, through a program to rebuild
Western Europe (called the Marshall Plan), the United States had invested
$13.3 billion
In the 1960s, some Americans began to have easier lives. Families grew
and some moved from the cities into outlying areas where they could
purchase larger homes. African Americans started a movement to gain fair
treatment everywhere. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that separate
schools for black children were not equal to those for white children and must
be integrated. President Lyndon Johnson supported the Rev. Martin Luther
King Jr. in his peaceful fight for civil rights and voting rights for African
Americans.
On September 11, 2001, everything changed. Foreign terrorists crashed
four passenger airplanes into the two World Trade Center towers in New
York, the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and a rural field in Pennsylvania.
7
President Bush declared war on worldwide terrorism and sent U.S. troops into
Afghanistan and Iraq. This fight is still on.
The United States has dramatically changed from its beginnings as
13 little-known colonies. Its population of 300 million people represents
almost every national and ethnic group in the world. Progress continues in
economics, technology, culture, and society. Americans live in an
interdependent, interconnected world. In 2008, Americans chose Barack
Obama for the presidency. Obama became the first African American to hold
the nation’s highest office.
1.2. Geography
to cover – покрывать, распространяться to merge – сливаться, объединяться
to be divided – быть поделённым to share – делить(ся), использовать
to border – граничить совместно
interior – внутренний framework – основа, каркас, рамки
water way – водный путь precipitation – осадки
mountain ranges – горные цепи
The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world, in
both size and population. It covers an area of 3,618,465 square miles.
The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico
(to the south), and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest, and
two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and
Florida and the Bahamas.
The USA is divided into 50 states. Those, which border one another on
the continent, are grouped into 7 regions: New England, Middle Atlantic
States, Southern States, Midwestern States, Rocky Mountain States,
Southwestern States and Pacific Coast States. Forty-eight of the states are in
the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with
varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United
States, and as the Lower 48. Hawaii and Alaska are grouped separately.
The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia, is a federal district
located on land donated by the state of Maryland. The United States also
has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization:
in the Caribbean the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and
in the Pacific the inhabited territories of Guam, American Samoa, and the
Northern Mariana Islands, along with a number of uninhabited island territories.
The framework of America is built around a huge interior lowland that has
yielded some of the country’s greatest agricultural and mineral wealth. To the
east and west, the land rises to mountain ranges that flank the lowland to
either side and separate it from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
8
The mountain ranges differ substantially from each other. The Appalachians
on the east stretch are almost unbroken. They are not high and are set back
from the Atlantic by a broad belt of coastal lowland.
To the West of the internal basin lies the mighty system of mountains
known as the Rocky Mountains. It is part of a global mountain system that
encircles the Pacific Basin with no coastal plain.
The Mississippi is one of the world’s great continental rivers. It flows some
3,970 miles from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of
Mexico, making it one of the world’s longest waterways. The Missouri is its
chief western branch. It pours into the Mississippi from the west, the Ohio –
from the east. For miles, the waters of the two rivers flow on side by side,
without mixing.
Like the Mississippi, all the rivers east of the Rockies finally reach the
Atlantic; all the waters to the west ultimately flow into the Pacific. The line that
divides these rivers is called the Continental Divide.
The two great rivers of the Pacific side are the Colorado in the south, and
the Columbia, which originates in Canada and drains the north.
The Rio Grande, about 1,990 long, is the foremost river of the Southwest.
It forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.
North of the Central Lowland, extending for almost 994 miles, are the five
Great Lakes (Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron, Lake
Superior) which the United States shares with Canada.
Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features, the United
States contains examples of nearly every global climate. The climate is
subtropical in the Southern United States, tropical in Hawaii and southern
Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the
100th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great
Basin and the Southwest. Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate
contributed (in part) to the country's rise as a world power, with infrequent
severe drought in the major agricultural regions, a general lack of widespread
flooding, and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation.
In northern Alaska, tundra and arctic conditions predominate, where the
temperature has fallen as low as −80 °F (−62.2 °C). On the other end of the
spectrum, Death Valley, California once reached 134 °F (56.7 °C), the
highest temperature ever recorded on Earth.
The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, see
frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during spring and
summer with around 1,000 tornadoes occurring each year. Hurricanes are
another natural disaster found in the US, which can hit anywhere along the Gulf
Coast or the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. Hurricane
9
season runs from June 1 to November 30, with a peak from mid-August through
early October. Occasional severe flooding is also experienced.
The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska make
up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic
activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes. There are several
active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii. Other natural disasters
include: tsunamis around Pacific Basin, mud slides in California, and forest
fires in the western half of the contiguous U.S. Although drought is relatively
rare, it has occasionally caused major economic and social disruption.
1.3. Economy
the age of inventions – век изобретений to affect – оказывать влияние
farming – фермерство equal representation – равное
seeds – семена представительство
occupation – занятие to demand – требовать
grain – зерно unlawful – вне закона
cotton – хлопок to create – создавать
wool – шерсть prosperity – процветание
finance – финансы to double – удваиваться
shipping – судоходство to triple – утраиваться
manufacturing – производство to tolerate – относиться терпимо, терпеть
lumber – пиломатериалы antitrust law – антитрастовый
machinery – станки (антимонопольный) закон
textiles – текстиль surplus – избыток, излишек
slave labor – рабский труд prosperity – процветание
to provide – обеспечивать Great Depression – Великая депрессия
The first settlements were along the Atlantic coast and on rivers that
flowed into the ocean. In the Northeast, trees covered the hills and stones
filled the soil, but water power was available. The Northeast was called New
England, and it included Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
The economy was based on timber, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade.
The growing season was long and the soil was fertile. Most people were
farmers. Some owned small farms that they worked themselves. The wealthy
farmers owned large plantations and used African slaves as workers.
The U.S. doubled in size when it bought the Louisiana Territory from
France in 1803 and Florida from Spain in 1819. From 1816 to 1821, six new
states were created. Between 1812 and 1852, the population tripled.
In 1850, the United States was a large country, full of contrasts.
New England and the Middle Atlantic states were the centers of finance,
trade, shipping, and manufacturing. Their products included lumber,
machinery, and textiles. Southern states had many farms that used slave
labor to grow tobacco, sugar, and cotton. The Middle Western states also had
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