Ozone Air Pollution in the Siera Nevada: Distribution and Effects on Forests

414 Pages·2003·7.501 MB·1-402\414

by  Andrzej Bytnerowitcz, Michael J. Arbaugh, Rocio Alonso (Eds.)

Dedication
This book is dedicated to Dr. Paul R. Miller, our mentor and friend, whose
pioneeringworkinfluencedagenerationofresearchersstudyingairpollution
anditseffectsonCaliforniaforests.Formorethan30years,Paulworkedasa
ResearchPlantPathologistwith theUSDA ForestService,Pacific Southwest
Experiment Station, Riverside, California, and as a research associate at the
Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside. Paul was
the first to establish that the mysterious“X” disease affectingponderosaand
Jeffreypine stands in the San BernardinoMountainsin the 1950sand 1960s
was due to the phytotoxiceffects of ambient ozone. Those findings initiated
numerousstudiesinNorthAmericaandEuropeoverthenext20yearsandled
totheestablishmentofthelong-termresearchunitthatisresponsibleforthis
volume. Paul’s professional accomplishments are only matched by his kind-
nessandpatienceto thoseofusfollowinghim.Heis trulyoneofthefathers
ofairpollutionresearch,andwewhoarecontinuinghisworkwillalwaysbe
inhisdebt.
Contents
Dedication v
BiographicsketchesoftheAuthors ix
Acknowledgements xvii
Preface
A.Bytnerowicz,M.Arbaugh,R.Alonso xix
SectionI: OzoneanditseffectsonSierraNevadaecosystems
1. Geology,climateandvegetationoftheSierraNevadaandthe
mixed-coniferzone:Anintroductiontotheecosystem
R.A.Minnich,P.E.Padgett 1
2. Historicalperspectivesonambientozoneanditseffectsonthe
SierraNevada
J.J.Carroll,P.R.Miller,J.Pronos 33
3. Thephysiologicalbasisofozoneinjuryassessmentattributesin
Sierranconifers
N.E.Grulke 55
4. OzoneuptakebyponderosapineintheSierraNevada:
Ameasurementperspective
A.H.Goldstein,M.R.Kurpius,J.A.Panek 83
5. Effectsofozone,nitrogendeposition,andotherstressorson
montaneecosystemsintheSierraNevada
M.E.Fenn,M.A.Poth,A.Bytnerowicz,J.O.Sickman,
B.K.Takemoto 111
SectionII: Analysisofspatialpatternsofurbantransported
ozoneintheSierraNevada
6. Introductiontoaregionalpassiveozonesamplernetworkinthe
SierraNevada
M.J.Arbaugh,A.Bytnerowicz 157
7. Useofauxiliarydataforspatialinterpolationofsurfaceozone
patterns
E.H.Lee 165
viii Contents
8. Useofnonparametriclocalregressiontoestimatesurfaceozone
patternsoverspaceandtime
H.K.Preisler,S.Schilling 195
9. Useofgeostatisticstoestimatesurfaceozonepatterns
W.Fra˛czek,A.Bytnerowicz,M.J.Arbaugh 215
10. AmbientozonepatternsandeffectsovertheSierraNevada:
Synthesisandimplicationsforfutureresearch
M.J.Arbaugh,A.Bytnerowicz 249
SectionIII: ResearchanddevelopmentneedsfortheSierra
Nevada
11. Methodologicalneedsandperspectivesformonitoringambient
airpollutionandregionalhaze:Toolsforunderstandingforest
responses
A.Bytnerowicz,P.E.Padgett,M.J.Arbaugh 263
12. TowardsanairpollutioneffectsmonitoringsystemfortheSierra
Nevada
E.Plymale,M.J.Arbaugh,T.Procter,S.Ahuja,G.C.Smith,
P.J.Temple 285
13. Formulationandapplicationofregionalairqualitymodelingfor
integratedassessmentsofurbanandwildlandpollution
G.Tonnesen,Z.Wang,M.Omary,C.-J.Chien 299
14. Theneedforspatiallyandfunctionallyintegratedmodelsof
ozonedepositiontoSierraNevadaforests
J.A.Panek,D.D.Baldocchi,A.H.Goldstein 325
15. ManagingairpollutionaffectedforestsintheSierraNevada
T.Procter,S.Ahuja,M.McCorison 359
SectionIV: InternationalperspectiveoftheSierraNevada
research
16. Monitoringandmodelingofozonestatusandeffectsinthe
SierraNevada:AcomparisonwithstudiesinNorthAmericaand
Europe
R.Alonso,A.Bytnerowicz 371
Authorindex 391
Subjectindex 393
Biographic sketches oftheAuthors
SurajAhujaiscurrentlyaProvinceAirQualitySpecialistfortheForestSer-
vicesupportingairprogramfortheeightnorthernnationalforestsinCalifor-
nia. He has worked for the Forest Service for twenty years in the Southwest
andPacificSouthwestRegioninvariouspositions.HeholdsaPh.D.fromthe
Universityof California at Davis. He also has Air Quality Certification from
Universityof California(Extension),Davis. He has written varioustechnical
documentsandpapersforForest-wideandRegion-wideuse.
RocíoAlonsoreceivedherPh.D.inEcologyfromtheUniversidadAutónoma
of Madrid, Spain, in 1998. Since 1999 she has been working on the distri-
bution of air pollutantsin mountainousareas of California, first as a visiting
FulbrightScholaratthePacificSouthwestResearchStation,USDAForestSer-
vice,Riverside,andcurrentlyattheCenterforConservationBiology,Univer-
sityofCaliforniainRiverside.Hermainresearchinterestsaretheeffectsofair
pollutantsandclimatechangeonforestecosystems.
Michael J. Arbaugh is the Project Leader of the USDA Forest Service
Research Project—Atmospheric Deposition Effects on the Western Forest
Ecosystems.HeearnedaB.S.degreeinBiologyfromtheUniversityofCali-
fornia,Riverside,in1980;anM.S.degreeinStatisticsfromtheUniversityof
California, Riverside, in 1984 and a Ph.D. in Forest Ecology from Colorado
State University, Ft. Collins, in 1995. His research interests include under-
standingthemultipleairpollutanteffectsonecosystems,long-termchangesin
forestcomposition,andpassiveairpollutionmonitordevelopmentandappli-
cationtoClassIareas.
Dennis D. Baldocchi is a Professor of Biometeorology at the University of
California,Berkeley.He earneda B.S. degreein AtmosphericSciencesfrom
the University of California, Davis, in 1977 and a Ph.D. degree in Bioenvi-
ronmental Engineering from the University of Nebraska in 1982. His main
research interestsare on the biological,physicaland chemicalprocessesthat
controltracegasfluxesbetweentheterrestrialbiosphereandatmosphere.
Andrzej Bytnerowicz is a Senior Scientist with the USDA Forest Service,
PacificSouthwestResearchStationinRiverside,California.HeisalsoanAd-
junct Professor at the Department of Environmental Sciences, University of
California in Riverside. He earned M.S. degree in Food Chemistry from the
Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland, in 1972, and Ph.D. in Natural Sci-
ences from the Silesian University in Katowice, Poland, in 1981. His main
researchinterestsareatmosphericdepositiontonaturalecosystemsandeffects
ofairpollutiononforests.
x BiographicsketchesoftheAuthors
John J. Carroll is a Professor of Atmospheric Science in the Department
of Land Air and Water Resources at the University of California, Davis. He
earned a B.S. degree in Geology from City University of New York and an
M.S.andPh.D.inMeteorologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.
Hisresearchinterestsincludemeasurementsandmodelingofatmospherictur-
bulence,atmosphericboundary-layerphenomena,physicalclimatologyandair
pollutiontransport,diffusion,andchemistry.Hehasheldanacademicappoint-
mentforthelast30yearsandhasworkedasaconsultanttoaerospacecompa-
nies,geothermalenergyproducers,DepartmentofDefense,andfederal,state,
andlocalagenciesconcernedwithairqualityissues.
Chao-JungChienreceivedaPh.D.inEnvironmentalScienceatUNCChapel
Hill and has an undergraduate degree in Chemistry. He is a post-doctoral
researcher in the modeling group at the University of California, Riverside,
BournsCollegeofEngineering,CenterforEnvironmentalResearchandTech-
nology (CE-CERT), where he conducts experimentaland modeling research
inatmosphericchemistry.
MarkE.FennisaResearchPlantPathologistwiththeUSDAForestService,
PacificSouthwestResearchStationinRiverside,California.HeearnedaB.S.
degreeinPlantPathologyfromtheUniversityofArizonain1981andaPh.D.
in PlantPathologyfromthe UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,in 1986.His
mainresearchinterestsincludemeasuringnitrogendepositionandevaluating
theecologicalandenvironmentaleffectsofairpollutantsonforestsandother
ecosystems.
Witold Fra˛czek has a M.S. in Hydrology from the University of Warsaw,
Poland (1976) and another M.S. in environmental monitoring/remote sens-
ing from the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1988). Since late 1988 he
isworkingatEnvironmentalSystemsResearchInstituteinRedlands,Califor-
nia.HismajorareaofexpertiseistherasterproductsofESRI,includingGrid
and Spatial Analyst. He worked on several environmentalmodeling projects
focusedonhydrologicandairpollutionmodeling.Heisworkingcloselywith
theGeostatisticalAnalystsoftwaredevelopmentgroupfromthebeginningof
integrationofgeostatisticsintoArcGIS.Recently,incollaborationwithUSDA
Forest Service, Witold has published several papers about the use of ESRI’s
Geostatistical Analyst to estimate ozone concentration and the effects of air
pollutiononmountainousforests.
AllenH.GoldsteinisanAssociateProfessorofBiogeochemistryattheUni-
versityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.HereceivedaB.S.inChemistryandaB.A.
in Politics from the University of California at Santa Cruz, and an M.S. and
a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Harvard University.His research addresses inter-
actions between atmospheric chemistry and terrestrial biogeochemistry, and
BiographicsketchesoftheAuthors xi
how these interactions influence biosphere–atmosphereexchange, determine
atmosphericcomposition,andimpactecosystems.
NancyE.GrulkereceivedthePh.D.inBotanyfromUniversityofWashington
in1983.SheiscurrentlyaresearchplantphysiologistatthePacificSouthwest
ResearchStation,USDAForestService,inRiverside,California.Shespecial-
izesinwholetreeresponsestoatmosphericpollution(O ,CO ,Ndeposition)
3 2
anddroughtstressinmixedconiferforestsofCalifornia.
MeredithR.KurpiusreceivedaB.S.inNaturalResourcesfromCornellUni-
versityin1995andaPh.D.inEnvironmentalScience,PolicyandManagement
fromUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,in2001.HerPh.D.workfocusedon
ozone deposition to a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine ecosystem. Since 1993
Meredith Kurpiushas been working on terrestrialbiogeochemistryand trace
gas exchange with an emphasis on understanding the processes controlling
trace gas exchange between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface at local and
regionalscalesthroughmeasurementandmodeling.Currentlysheisresearch-
ingcarbondynamicsinforestedecosystemsatOregonState University,with
anemphasisonabove-canopycarbondioxidefluxes.
E.HenryLeereceivedPh.D.inStatisticsfromIowaStateUniversityin1981.
HeiscurrentlyastatisticianattheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,West-
ern Ecology Division, Corvallis, Oregon. He specializes in modeling the ef-
fectsofcriteriaairpollutantsonterrestrialecosystemsandtheassociatedun-
certaintiesin predictionacrosslarger spatialand temporalscales, and spatial
statisticsofregionalizedvariablesofinterestinriskcharacterization.Hiswork
on ozoneexposureindiceshashelpedthe Agencyto developalternativesec-
ondaryNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsforozoneinordertoprotect
vegetativeandnaturalecosystems.
F.MichaelMcCorisonisaAirQualitySpecialistwiththeUSDAForestSer-
vice.HecompletedaBachelorofScienceDegreeinForestryattheUniversity
of Minnesota, St. Paul, and a Master of Science Degree in Wildland Water
quality at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. His research and man-
agementinterestsincludechangesinnutrientcyclingpatternsinthesoil,water
andairinterfaces,andprescribedandwildfireairandwaterissues.
PaulR.Miller is aCertified ProfessionalPlantPathologistwhoreceivedhis
B.S. degree in General Agronomy from Colorado State University, an M.S.
inBotanyandPlantPathology,andaPh.D.inPlantPathologyfromtheUni-
versityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Hehasmorethan30yearsofexperienceasa
research plant pathologist with the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest
ExperimentStation,Riverside,California,andasaResearchAssociateatthe
AirPollutionResearchCenter,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside.Nearlyone-
thirdofthattimewasdevotedtotheSierraNevadaandoxidantairpollution.
xii BiographicsketchesoftheAuthors
Interestsincludedtheseverityofinjurytostandsandtheresponseofconifers,
mostlypines,toozoneexposureatseveraltimescales.Sinceretirementin1999
he has continuedto write aboutozoneair pollutionproblemsworldwideand
carriesoutaninvestigationofliteratureaboutpoorlysubstantiatedclaimsofa
widespreadforestdeclineduetogaseousairpollutantsandacidicsubstances.
Richard A. Minnich received a Ph.D. from the University of California,
Riverside. He is a Professorin the Departmentof Earth Sciences, University
ofCalifornia,Riverside. Hisresearchfocusesonthe fire ecologyofmediter-
raneanecosystemsofCaliforniaandnorthernBajaCalifornia.Studiesoperate
atthelandscape-scaletoestablishfireregimepropertiesofecosystems,includ-
ingfiresize,frequencyandreturnintervals,denudationofvegetation,postfire
successions, and how fire disturbances exert selection in the distribution of
plant communities. Documentation and quantification of these properties re-
quirestheuseofremotesensingandgeographicinformationsystems,compli-
mentedbyfieldsampling.Studiescomparefireregimesunderdifferentman-
agementsystemsinsouthernCaliforniaandMexico,emphasizingCalifornian
chaparralandconiferforest.
MohammadOmaryreceivedaPh.D.inAgriculturalEngineeringatClemson
UniversityandB.S.andM.S.degreesinMechanicalEngineeringattheIsrael
InstituteofTechnology.HeisaPrincipalDevelopmentEngineerattheUniver-
sityofCalifornia,Riverside,BournsCollegeofEngineering,CenterforEnvi-
ronmentalResearch and Technology(CE-CERT), where he developsmodels
ofemissionsofatmosphericpollutants.
Pamela E. Padgett received Ph.D. from the University of California, River-
side. She is a Research Plant Physiologist with the Atmospheric Deposition
Unit,USDAForestServiceinRiverside,California,since1997.Herresearch
interests include mineral nutrition and plant metabolism, atmospheric depo-
sition of nitrogenous pollutants and their effects on plants and ecosystems,
interaction between ozone and nitrogenous pollutants, and plant community
dynamicsinsemi-aridecosystems.
Jeanne A. Panek is a Forest Physiologist at the University of California,
Berkeley. The main focus of her research is the interaction between at-
mospheric deposition, climate, and physiological response in forest ecosys-
tems. Her current work involves the role of drought in the stomatal control
ofozoneuptakeinSierraNevadaforests.SheearnedaB.A.inBiologyfrom
Princeton University in 1984 and a dual Ph.D. in Forest Science and Plant
PhysiologyatOregonStateUniversityin1995.
MarkA.PothservesastheDirectorfortheNaturalResourcesandEnviron-
ment Division of the USDA National Research Initiative competitive grants
program.Thedivisionincludesprogramsinsoils,water,ecosystemsandplant
BiographicsketchesoftheAuthors xiii
response to the environment.He hasa B.A. in Microbiologyand an M.A. in
BotanyfromCaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton,andaPh.D.inSoilScience
fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside.
ElizabethL.PlymaleistheTeamLeaderoftheUSDAForestServiceSierra
NevadaFrameworkEISMonitoringTeam AtmosphericGroup.She earneda
B.S. degree in Natural Resource from California Polytechnic State Univer-
sity, San Luis Obispo, in 1991, and is currently working on her Masters in
ResourcePlanning.Herresearchinterestsincludemultipleairpollutanteffects
onClassIandClassIIwildernessareas,theeffectsofairtoxicsonecosystems,
and passiveair pollutionmonitordevelopmentand applicationto monitoring
inwilderness.
Haiganoush K. Preisler is a Mathematical Statistician at the Pacific South-
westResearchStation,USDAForestService.ShereceivedherPh.D.inStatis-
ticsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,in1977andherM.S.fromthe
American University of Beirut, Lebanon, in 1972. Her current work focuses
onthemodelinganddataanalysisofenvironmentalandforestrydata.
Trent Procter is currently a Province Air Quality Specialist for the Forest
Service. He provides air program management and technical assistance to 6
NationalForestsinthecentralandsouthernSierraNevada.Hehas24yearsof
experiencewiththeForestServiceandhasservedinhispresentpositionsince
1988. He holds a B.S. in Natural Resource Managementfrom Cal Poly, San
LuisObispo.Hisexperienceincludestrackingthestatusandchangeofforest
resourcevaluesthatcanbeimpactedbyairpollution.
JohnPronosreceivedaB.S.degreeinForestryfromtheUniversityofIllinois,
Champaign-Urbana,andaPh.D.fromtheUniversityofWisconsin,Madison,
inPlantPathology.Afteraone-yearPostDoctoralResearchAssistantposition
withtheCaryArboretuminMillbrook,NewYork,hejoinedtheUnitedStates
Department of Agriculture—ForestService, Forest Insect and Disease Man-
agementStaffinSanFrancisco,California.Johnhasremainedwiththesame
staff(nowcalledForestHealthProtection)oftheForestServicesince1977and
currentlyworksontheStanislausNationalForestinSonora,California.Inad-
ditiontoprovidingfederalforestlandmangerswithinputonforestpathogens,
he hasa specialinterestin air pollutioneffectsonforestsand hazardoustree
management.
Susan Schilling is an Information Technology Specialist with the Pacific
Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. She has worked for the
ForestServicesince1987.
JamesO.SickmanisanEnvironmentalScientistwiththeCaliforniaDepart-
ment of Water Resources and is a Research Scientist with the Institute for
xiv BiographicsketchesoftheAuthors
Computational Earth System Science at the University of California, Santa
Barbara. He received a B.A. and M.A. in Aquatic and Ecosystem Ecology
from the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 2001, he completed his
Ph.D. in Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology at the University of Cali-
fornia, Santa Barbara. His doctoral dissertation synthesized two decades of
researchonthebiogeochemistryandaquaticecologyofmontaneecosystems
oftheSierraNevada.HiscurrentworkusesenvironmentalisotopesofCand
Nto studybiogeochemicalprocessesin watershedsoftheSierraNevadaand
theSacramento–SanJoaquinDeltaestuary.
GretchenC.SmithistheNationalOzoneAdvisorfortheUSDAForestSer-
viceForestInventoryandAnalysisProgram(FIA).She earneda B.S. degree
in Forest Managment from the University of Massachusetts in 1979, and a
Ph.D.degreeinPlantPathologyfromRutgersUniversityin1985,specializing
inplant/pollutantinteractions.Since1988,Gretchenhasbeenassociatedwith
theUSDAForestServiceforesthealthmonitoringinitiativesincludingthein-
vestigationofredspruceandbalsamfirdeclineintheNortheastandtheNorth
American Sugar Maple Decline Project. Currently located at the University
of Massachusetts, she directs the implementation of the FIA national ozone
biomonitoringprogamwhichisdesignedtoassesstheextentandseverityand
long-termtrendsofozonestressonUSforests.
BrentK.Takemotois anAirPollutionResearchSpecialistintheCalifornia
AirResourcesBoard’sOfficeoftheHealthAdvisor.Hisprimaryresponsibili-
tiesandinterestsincludeenvironmentaljustice,airqualityintheeasternSierra,
andozoneeffectsonplantsinCalifornia.PriortojoiningtheHealthAdvisor’s
Office,BrentwasacontractmanagerintheBoard’sResearchDivisionwhere
hecoordinatedtheforestecosystemsresearchprogramtoevaluatetheeffects
of acidic deposition and ozone on mixed conifer forests in southern Califor-
nia. Brent receiveda Ph.D. in Biology fromBowling Green State University
inBowlingGreen,Ohio,in1985.PriortojoiningtheAirResourcesBoard,he
wasaPostgraduateResearcherattheStatewideAirPollutionResearchCenter
attheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,from1986to1989.
GailTonnesenreceivedaPh.D.inEnvironmentalEngineeringfromtheUni-
versity of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill. Dr. Tonnesen is a Research
Professoratthe Universityof California,Riverside,BournsCollege of Engi-
neering,CenterforEnvironmentalResearchandTechnology(CE-CERT),and
directstheairqualitymodelingprogram.
PatrickJ.TemplereceivedhisPh.D.intheBotanyandPlantSciencesDepart-
ment,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,afterwhichhejoinedtheStatewide
Air PollutionResearch Center atUCR. His primaryarea of researchwas the
effect of interacting stresses, particularly ozone and drought,on crop plants,
BiographicsketchesoftheAuthors xv
grassandshrublands,andforesttreespecies.HeiscurrentlyaCertifiedSenior
Ecologist and a consultant to the Atmospheric Deposition Program, USDA
ForestService,PacificSouthwestResearchStation,Riverside,California,and
totheForestService’sForestHealthMonitoringProgram.Hiscurrentinterests
includetheuseofnativeplantsandlichensasmonitorsofforesthealthandthe
effectsofozoneandotherairpollutantsonMediterraneanecosystems.
Zion Wang received a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Engineering at
UNC,ChapelHill,andhasB.S.andM.S.degreesinmeteorology.HeisaSe-
nior Research Associate atat the Universityof California,Riverside, Bourns
College of Engineering,Center for EnvironmentalResearch and Technology
(CE-CERT),wherehecarriesoutresearchandteachinginairqualitymodel-
ing.