Table Of ContentOXYGEN TRANSFER
FROM ATMOSPHERE
TO TISSUES
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
EPHRAIM KATCHALSKI-KATZIR, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
Recent Volumes in this Series
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OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE X
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Thomas K. Goldstick, and Duane F. Bruley
Volume 223
UREMIC TOXINS
Edited by Severin Ringoir, Raymond Vanholder, and Shaul G. Massry
Volume 224
UROGENITAL INFECTIONS
Edited by Amedeo Bondi, Donald D. Stieritz, Joseph M. Campos,
and Linda Ann Miller
Volume 225
IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES IV: T-CELL RECOGNITION
AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
Edited by M. Zouhair Atassi
Volume 226
MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Edited by Haruo Sugi and Gerald H. Pollack
Volume 227
OXYGEN TRANSFER FROM ATMOSPHERE TO TISSUES
Edited by Norberto C. Gonzalez and M. Roger Fedde
Volume 228
THE MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Edited by Albert M. Wu and L. Garry Adams
Volume 229
LIPOXINS: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Biological Activities
Edited by Patrick Y.-K. Wong and Charles N. Serhan
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OXYGEN TRANSFER
FROM ATMOSPHERE
TO TISSUES
Edited by
Norherto C. Gonzalez
University of Kansas Medical Center
Kansas City, Kansas
and
M. Roger Fedde
College of Veterinary Medicine
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congrass Cataloging in Publication Data
Oxygen transfer from atmosphere to tissues.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 227)
Proceedings of a symposium held Mar. 27-28,1987, in Kansas City, Kan. as a result
of the celebration of the centennial of American Physiological Society.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Oxygen transport (physiology)-Congresses. 2. Tissue respiration-Congresses.
3. Respiration-Congresses. I. Gonzalez, Norberto C. II. Fedde, M. Roger. III.
American Physiological Society (1887- ) IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Biological Transport
-congresses. 2. Oxygen-blood-congresses. 3. Oxygen-metabolism-congresses. 4.
Oxygen Consumption-congresses. WI AD559 v.227/QV 3120973 1987]
QP99.3.090934 1988 599'.0124 88-2531
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5483-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5481-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5481-9
Proceedings of a symposium on Oxygen Transfer from Atmosphere
to Tissues, held March 27-28, 1987, in Kansas City, Kansas
© 1988 Plenum Press. New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfIlming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publishl:I
This volume summarizes the Proceedings of a meeting held at the University
of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, on March 27 and 28, 1987.
The meeting developed as a result of the celebration of the Centennial of
the American Physiological Society. We took the opportunity offered by the
presence, in the United States, of several European scientists who were
guests of the American Physiological Society. Most of the symposium
participants also attended the FASEB meeting which took place immediately
afterwards in Washington, D.C.
We wish to express our appreciation to the contributors to this book and to
all those who attended the meeting. The symposium and this book would not
have been possible without the generous support of the following:
The Parker B. Francis III Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri
The Hans Rudolph Company, Kansas City, Missouri
The School of Medicine, Uni versi ty of Kansas Medical Center,
Kansas City, Kansas
The Department of Physiology, Uni versi ty of Kansas Medical
Center, Kansas City, Kansas
The College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas
We also want to thank Gail Widener, Antoinette Bray and Janet Pauly, of the
Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, for their
invaluable help during the symposium, and Mrs. Linda Carr, who had the
arduous task of typing the manuscripts.
Norberto C. Gonzalez
M. Roger Fedde
Kansas City
Kjell Johansen, VIKIRG and Physiologist
One of the distinguished scientists invited by the American Physiolo
gical Society to participate in its Centennial Celebration was Dr. Kjell
Johansen, founder and Chairman of the Department of zoophysiology of the
University of Aarhus, Denmark. Dr. Johansen died on March 4, 1987, while
vacationing in France, shortly before he was due to depart for his visit to
the united States.
Dr. Johansen had accepted our invitation to attend this symposium and
give the keynote lecture on the session of Oxygen Transfer by the Circula
tion. The title of his lecture was to be "Blood Circulation and Respiratory
Gas Transport: A Comparative Assessment", certainly a subject to which he
had made many important contributions.
Dr. Johansen left a large legacy. His research is well known to all
interested in the physiological adaptation of animals to the environment.
The laboratory that he headed is, largely thanks to his efforts, one of the
leading laboratories in the world in the area of comparative physiology.
His passing will be mourned by students, friends and colleagues around the
world.
vii
John B. West
High points in the physiology of extreme altitude 1
OXYGEN TRANSFER AND GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS·
Johannes Piiper
pulmonary diffusing capacity and alveolar-capillary equilibration 19
Michael P. H1asta1a, David D. Ralph and Albert L. Babb
Influence of gas physical properties on pulmonary gas exchange 33
H.K. Chang
Convection, diffusion and their interaction in the bronchial tree 39
Frank L. Powell and Steven C. Hemp1eman
Comparative physiology of oxygen transfer in lungs 53
M.D. Hammond
Limitations to the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange during
exercise in man 67
J.A. Loeppky, S.A. Altobelli, A Caprihan and T.W. Chick
Two-compartment analysis of A/Q inequality and transient
blood-gas differences 75
OXYGEN TRANSFER IN THE CIRCULATION
M. Harold Laughlin
Distribution of skeletal muscle blood flow during locomotory
exercise 87
Stephen M. Cain and Christopher K. Chapler
Circulatory adjustments to anemic hypoxia 103
Robert M. Winslow
Red cell properties and optimal oxygen transport 117
Russell E. Isaacks
Can metabolites contribute in regulating blood oxygen affinity? 137
C.K. Chap1er, M.J. Melinyshyn, S.M. Villeneuve and S.M. Cain
The role of beta-adrenergic receptors in the cardiac output
response during carbon monoxide hypoxia 145
ix
Marvin H. Bernstein
Analysis of gas exchange in the ophthalmic rete of pigeons 151
OXYGEN TRANSFER IN THE TISSUES
EWald Weibel and Susan R. Kayar
Mat~hi~g 02 delivery to 02 demand in muscle: I. Adaptive
varlatlon 159
C. Richard Taylor, Kim E. Longworth and Hans Hoppeler
Matching 02 delivery to 02 demand in muscle: II. Allometric
variation ln energy demana 171
Guillermo Gutierrez
The relationship of tissue oxygenation to cellular bioenergetics 183
Stan L. Lindstedt and Dominic J. Wells
Skeletal muscle mitochondria: The aerobic gate? 207
.
Richard J. Connett
Models of steady-state control of skeletal muscle vo2•
Evaluation using tissue data 215
Esther P. Hill, David C. Willford and Francis C. White
Critical PVo2 vs critical oxygen transport with acute hypoxia
in anesthetized animals 221
Odile Mathieu-Costello
Capillary configuration in contracted muscles: Comparative aspects 229
George J.F. Heigenhauser and M.I. Lindinger
The total ionic status of muscle during intense exercise 237
LIMITATIONS TO OXYGEN TRANSFER
Peter D. Wagner
An integrated view of the determinants of maximum oxygen uptake 245
H.V. Forster and L.G. Pan
Breathing during exercise: demands, regulation, limitations 257
Jerome A. Dempsey
Problems with the hyperventilatory response to exercise and
hypoxia 277
James H. Jones and Richard H. Karas
Structural vs. functional limitations to oxygen transport:
Is there a difference? 293
N.C. Gonzalez, J. Pauly, G. Widener, L.P. Sullivan and R.L. Clancy
Regulation of the acid-base balance during prolonged hypoxia:
Effects of respiratory and non-respiratory acidosis 301
R.L. Clancy, C. Gernon, D.P. Valenzeno and N.C. Gonzalez
The effect of prolonged hypoxia on striated muscle pH regulation 313
J.A. Orr, H. Shams, M.R. Fedde and P. Scheid
HCl infusion stimulates the release of a substance from the
blood which alters breathing and blood pressure 323
x
H.H. Erickson, W.L. Sexton, B.K. Erickson and J.R. Coffman
Oxygen transfer in the trained and untrained quarter horse 327
G.L. Landgren, J.R. Gillespie, M.R. Fedde, B.W. Jones, R.L.
Pieschl, and P.D. Wagner
O2 transport in the horse during rest and exercise
333
K.S. Hung, H. Pacheco, D. Lessin, K. Jordan and L. Mattioli
Morphometry of right ventricular papillary muscle in rat during
development and regression of hypoxia-induced hypertension 337
R.K. Dupre, A.M. Romero and S.C. Wood
Thermoregulation and metabolism in hypoxic animals 347
Participants 353
Index 359
HIGH POINTS IN THE PHYS IOLOGY OF EXTREME ALTlTUDEl
John B. west
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, CA 92093
The history of the physiology of extreme altitude is one of the most
colorful in the whole area of physiology. Man seems to have a fundamental
urge to climb higher and higher, and reaching the summit of Mt. Everest is
still often referred to as one of the basic human aspirations. An inter
esting feature of the history is that physiologists through the years have
repeatedly been astonished by some new altitude record but in spite of this
have confidently predicted on each occasion that man can go no higher!
In this brief survey, I shall touch on some of the most important
events in the gradual improvement of our understanding of the physiology of
extreme altitude. Space limitations preclude me from covering many
important topics and I hope readers will excuse the personal nature of the
selection.
One of the first descriptions of the debilitating effects of high
altitude on the human body was given by the Jesuit missionary, Jose de
Acosta who accompanied the early Spanish conquistadors to Peru in the 16th
century. He described how as he traveled over a high mountain, he "was
suddenly surprised with so mortall and strange a pang, that I was ready to
fall from the top to the ground." He went on to add "I was surprised with
such pangs of straining and casting, as I thought to cast up my heart tooJ
for having cast up meate, fleugme, and choller, both yellow and greeneJ in
the end I cast up blood, with the straining of my stomacke." And finally "I
therefore perswade myselfe, that the element of the aire is there so subtile
and delicate, as it is not proportional with the breathing of man, which
requires a more grosse and temprate aire" (Acosta, 1590). The reference to
the thinness of the air was an inspired guess because it was not until 1648
that Blaise Pascal arranged to have a mercury barometer taken to the top of
the Puy de Dome in central France and showed that the pressure fell (Pascal,
1648) • Incidentally, Acosta's dramatic description of vomiting at high
altitude is not typical of acute mountain sickness.
Acosta's book which also contains much valuable information about the
Inca civilization, was widely read in both Spanish and English versions and
influenced Robert Boyle and others who took part in the great surge of
scientific learning in the 17th century. However, it seems that Chinese
1
Lecture given at the Symposium Banquet, March 27, 1987
