Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems Part D

764 Pages·1994·17.699 MB·English

by  Lester Packer (Eds.)

METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
John N. Abelson Melvin I. Simon
DIVISION OF BIOLOGY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA
FOUNDING EDITORS
Sidney P. Colowick and Nathan O. Kaplan
Methods in Enzymology
Volume 234
Oxygen Radicals ni
Biological Systems
Part D
EDITED BY
Lester Packer
DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
Editorial Advisory Board
Bruce Ames Etsuo Niki
Kelvin Davies William Pryor
Barry HaUiwell Helmut Sies
®
ACADEMIC PRESS
A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Contributors to Volume 234
Article numbers are in parentheses following the names of contributors.
Affiliations listed are current.
ELIAS N. ABOUJAOUDE (2), Department of MICHAEL BOCKSTETTE (13), Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of lmmunochemistry, Deutsches Krebsfors-
California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Califor- chungszentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg,
nia 02749 Germany
SHOSHY ALTUVIA (17), Cell Biology and WOLF BORS (41), Institutfiir Strahlenbiolo-
Metabolism Branch, National Institute of gie, GSF-Forschungszentrum fiir Umwelt
Child Health and Human Development, und Gesundheit Neuherberg, D-85758
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Oberschleissheim, Germany
Maryland 29802 KARLIS BRIVIBA (37), Institut fiir Physiolo-
BRUCE N. AMES (2, 8, 23), Department of gische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Univer-
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of ,tigtis D-40001 Diisseldorf, Germany
California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Califor- GARRY W. BUCHKO (8), Department of Ra-
nia 02749 diobiology, Cross Cancer Institute, Ed-
MARY E. ANDERSON (49, 50), Department monton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2Z1
of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medi- MARK J. BURKITT (7), Division of Biochem-
cal College, New York, New York 12001 ical Sciences, Rowett Research Institute,
MIGUEL ASENSI (35), Departamento de Fi- Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, Scotland,
siolo~ia, Universidad de Valencia, 01064 United Kingdom
Valencia, Spain LARRY G. BUTLER (42), Department of -DiB
LAURA AUGERI (10), Departments of Bio- chemistry, Purdue University, West La-
chemistry and Radiation Oncology, Rol- fayette, Indiana 47907
lins Research Center, Emory University JEAN CADET (8), D~partement de Recher-
School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia che Fondamentale sur al Matidre Con-
22303 dens6e, SESAM/LAN, CEA - Centre d'E-
PATRICK A. BAEUERLE (14), Institute of Bio- tudes Nacldaires de Grenoble, F-38054
chemistry, University of Freiburg, D- Grenoble, France
40197 Freiburg, Germany JOHN M. CARNEY (53), Department of -DiB
G. BARJA (31), Department of Animal Biol- chemistry and Molecular Biology, Okla-
ogy-H (Animal Physiology), Complutense homa Medical Research Foundation,
University, 28040 Madrid, Spain Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 40137
SHARMILA BAsu-MODAK (18), Swiss Insti- RAJAGOPAL CHATTOPADHYAYA (5), Bose
tute for Experimental Cancer Research, Institute, 450007 Calcutta, India
Physical Carcinogenesis Unit, CH-1066 QIN CHEN (2), Department of Molecular
Epalinges, Switzerland and Cell Biology, University of California
CHRISTA BAUMSTARK-KHAN (9), Radiolo- at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 02749
gische Universitgitsklinik, Experimentelle JOSIANE CILLARD (43), Laboratoire de
Radiologie und Strahlenbiologie, Univer- Biologie Cellulaire et V~gdtale, Facult~
t~itis Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France
JOHN S. BERTRAM (19), Cancer Research PIERRE CILLARD (43), Laboratoire de Biolo-
Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, gie CeUulaire et V6gdtale, Facult~ de
Honolulu, Hawaii 31869 Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France
xi
xii CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234
IAN A. EVAERGTOC (48), Institute of Envi- CHERYL A. EDBAUER-NECHAMEN (16), De-
ronmental Medicine, Division of Toxicol- partment of Biochemistry and Molecular
ogy, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 Biology, The Albany Medical College, Al-
,77 Sweden bany, New York 80221
DANA R. CRAWFORD (16), Department of BERND EPE (12), Institute of Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The and Toxicology, University of Wiirzburg,
Albany Medical College, Albany, New 87079-D Wiirzburg, Germany
York 80221
Jose M. ESTRELA (35), Departamento de Fi-
LLORRAC E. CROSS (21), Department of siologia, Universidad de Valencia, 01064
Medicine and Physiology, Pulmonary- Valencia, Spain
Critical Care Medicine, University of -laC
TREBOR A. FLOYD (6, 53), Department of
ifornia, Davis Medical Center, Sacra-
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
mento, California 71859
Oklahoma Medical Research Founda-
MOT CURRAN (15), Department of Molecu-
tion, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 40137
lar Oncology and Virology, Roche Insti-
tute of Molecular Biology, Roche Re- BALZ FREI (23), Whitaker Cardiovascular
search Center, Nutley, NJ 01170 Institute, Boston University Medical Cen-
ter, Boston, Massachusetts 81120
DIPAK K. SAD (40), Cardiovascular Divi-
sion, Department of Surgery, Surgical MIHCAOJ-SNAH FREISLEBEN (36), Depart-
Research Center, University of Connecti- ment of Molecular and Cell Biology, Uni-
cut School of Medicine, Farmington, versity of California at Berkeley, Berke-
Connecticut 03060 ley, California 02749
ANNAOJ M. S. DAVIES (16), Department of T. G. GANTCHEV (63), MRC Group in
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ehT the Radiation Sciences, Department of
Albany Medical College, Albany, New Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology,
York 80221 University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke,
KELVIN J. A. DAVIES (16), Department of Qudbec, Canada J1H 5N4
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ehT
MONIQUE GARDgS-ALBERT (46), Rend Des-
Albany Medical College, Albany, New
cartes University, Physical Chemistry
York 80221
Laboratory, URA 400 CNRS , 60057
MiRAL DIZDAROGLU (1), Chemical Science Paris, France
and Technology Laboratory, National In-
ERNST GLINZ (26), Pharma Research, F.
stitute of Standards and Technology,
Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Ba-
Gaithersburg, Maryland 99802
sel, Switzerland
PAUL W. HCSTEOD (3, 10), Departments of
DAVID V. GOEDDEL (20), Department of
Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology,
Immunology and Molecular Biology,
Rollins Research Center, Emory Univer-
Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco,
sity School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
California 08049
22303
WULF EGORD (13), Department oflmmuno- MATTHEW B. GRISHAM (57), Department of
chemistry, Deutsehes Krebsforschungs- Physiology and Biophysics, Louisiana
zentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany State University Medical Cener, Shreve-
port, Louisiana 03117
MARIA-THERESE DROY-LEFAIX (46), De-
partment of Pharmacology, IPSEN Insti- ANN E. HAGERMAN (42), Department of
tute, 75016 Paris, France Chemistry, Miami University, Oxford,
Ohio 65054
TIMOTHY R. DUVALL (22), California Re-
gional Primate Research Center, Univer- EDWARD D. HALL (56), CNS Diseases Re-
sity of California at Davis, Davis, Califor- search Unit, Upjohn Company, Kalama-
nia 61659 zoo, Michigan 10094
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234 Xlll .o°
BARRY HALLIWELL (21), Pharmacology IK~rAK AMAYIMOK (29), Research Division,
Group, King's College, University of ehT Kitasato Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo
London, London SW3 6LX, United King- ,801 Japan
dom ALFRED W. KORMANN (26), Vitamins and
KRISTA K. HAMILTON (3), Department of Fine Chemicals Research, Research and
Biochemistry, Emory University School Technology Development, F. Hoffmann-
of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 22303 La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzer-
KRISTA K. HAMILTON (10), Departments of land
Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, OK1EK KOYAMA (32), Department of Bio-
Rollins Research Center, Emory Univer- chemistry, Osaka City University Medical
sity School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia School, Abeno, Osaka 545, Japan
22303 MURALI C. KRISHNA (59), Radiation Oncol-
JUTTA HEGLER (12), Institute of Pharmacol- ogy Branch, National Cancer Institute,
ogy and Toxicology, University of -zriiW National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
burg, D-97078 Wiirzburg, Germany Maryland 29802
TSNRE S. HENLE (5), Department of Biolog- DLOREJ A. LAST (22), California Regional
ical Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacol- Primate Research Center, University of
ogy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, California at Davis, Davis, California
Massachusetts 51120 61659
A. HERNANZ (31) Department of Biochemis- DIANA M. LEE (52), Free Radical Biology
try, lnsalud La Paz Hospital, 28046 Ma- and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma
drid, Spain Medical Resarch Foundation, Oklahoma
LUBICA .g.VOK~ROH (58), Department of City, Oklahoma 40137
Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experi- GNUOYMNUEK LEE (3), Department of Bot-
mental Pharmacology, Slovak Academy any and Plant Sciences, University of
of Sciences, 248 61 Bratislava, Slovakia California at Riverside, Riverside, Cali-
J. R. S. HOULT (44), Department of Phar- fornia 12529
macology, King's College London, Lon- DRAR~IG LESCOAT (43), Laboratoire de
don SW3 6LX, United Kingdom Biologie Cellulaire et Vdg(tale, Facultd
USAYASAM INOUE (32), Department of -DiB de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France
chemistry, Osaka City University Medical NELLE J. LEVY (49, 50), Department of
School, Abeno, Osaka 545, Japan Anatomy and Cell Biology, State Univer-
DRAHCIR L. NOSKCAJ (51), Wyeth-Ayerst sity of New York Health Science Center
Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at Brooklyn, New York, New York 30211
10191 DANIEL C. LIEBLER (27), Department of
GNEHCUR JIN (5), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, College
and Cell Biology, University of ainrofilaC of Pharmacy, University of Arizona
at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 02749 Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
NAIRELAV E. KAGAN (28, 33, 36, 63), De- 12758
partment of Environmental and Occupa- TRAUTS LINN (5), Department of Molecular
tional Health, University of Pittsburgh, and Cell Biology, University of California
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 83251 at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 02749
S. KHWAIA (33), Department of Molecular MARIA A. LIVREA (39), lstituto de Chimica
and Cell Biology, University of ainrofilaC Biologica, Universit& di Palermo, Poli-
at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 02749 clinico, 90127 Palermo, Italy
YONG K. KIM (16), Department of Bio- SELRAHC V. LOWRY (16), Department of
chemistry and Molecular Biology, ehT Al- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ehT
bany Medical College, Albany, New York Albany Medical College, Albany, New
80221 York 80221
xiv CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234
GNAHZGNOY LUO (5), Department of Bio- SALOHCIN J. MILLER (24), Free Radical Re-
logical Chemistry and Molecular Phar- search Group, UMDS-dash Guy's Hospi-
macology, Harvard Medical School, Bos- tal, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
ton, Massachusetts 51120 PETER SU~IDLOM (48), Institute of Environ-
I. TONG MAK (62), Departments of Medi- mental Medicine, Division of Toxicology,
cine and Physiology, George Washington Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 ,77
University Medical Center, Washington, Sweden
D.C. 20037 OLIVIER H. MORAND (61), Pharma Divi-
UBONASAM MANABE (36), Department of sion, Preclinical Research, F. Hoffman-
Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Kochi LaRoche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzer-
Medical School, Nankoku-shi, Kochi ,387 land
Japan ISABELLE MOREL (43), Laboratoire de
NOMIS J. T. MAO (51), Marion Merrell Biologie Cellulaire et V~g~tale, Facult~
Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France
51254 MICHELE A. YENOROM (44), Department of
LUCIA ICCOCRAM (46, 54), Department of Pharmacology, King's College London,
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of London SW3 6LX, United Kingdom
California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Califor- PAUL A. MOTCHNIK (23), Xoma Corpora-
nia 02749 tion, Berkeley, California 01749
AMY M. MARTIN (10), Departments of Bio- MAIK S. W. FRODNEBO (4), Institutfiir Phy-
chemistry and Radiation Oncology, Rol- siologische Chemie ,1 Heinrich-Heine-
lins Research Center, Emory University Universitdt, D-40001 Diisseldorf, Ger-
School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia many
22303
LESTER REKCAP (28, 33, 34, 36, 45, 46, 54),
JOHN M. MCCALL (56), Discovery Re- Department of Molecular and Cell Biol-
search, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, ogy, University of California at Berkeley,
Michigan 10094 Berkeley, California 02749
ALTON MEISTER (49, 50), Department of FEDERICO V. PALLARDO (35), Departa-
Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical mento de Fisiologia, Universidad de -aV
College, New York, New York 12001 lencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
SOLRAC OCIREDERF MARTINS MENCK (11), MIGUEL PAYA (44), Departamento de Fi-
Department of Biology, Institute of Bios- siologla, Universidad de Valencia, 46100
ciences, University of Sao Paulo, CEP Valencia, Spain
079-22450 Sao Paulo, Brazil
ORS B. RANALDER (26), Pharma Research,
ATSIRI-IC MICHEL (41), Institutfiir Strahlen- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4002
biologie, GSF Forschungszentrum fiir Basel, Switzerland
Umwelt und Gesundheit Neuherberg, D-
JEAN-Luc RAVANAT (8), Ddpartement de
85758 Oberschleissheim, Germany
Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matidre
SABINE MIHM (13), Department of Gastro- Condensde, SESAM/LAN, CEA - Centre
enterology and Endocrinology, University d'Etudes Nucldaires de Grenoble, F-
of G6ttingen, D-37075 GiSttingen, Ger- 45083 Grenoble, France
many
EIRAMESOR RETTENMAIER (25), Vitamins
OKUYASAM MIKI (55), Department of Pedi- and Fine Chemicals Research, Research
atrics, Osaka Medical College, Takat- and Technology Development, F. Hoff-
suki, Osaka 569, Japan mann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel,
ALLEN M. MILES (57), Department of Phys- Switzerland
iology and Biophysics, Louisiana State ENIREHTAC RICE-EVANS (24), Free Radical
University Medical Center, Shreveport, Research Group, UMDS-Guy's Hospi-
Louisiana 03117 tal, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234 XV
SEGROEG RISS (26), Vitamins and Fine STEEN NEKNEETS (58), Max-Planck-lnstitut
Chemicals Research, Research and Tech- far Strahlenchemie, W-4330 Miilheim,
nology Development, F. Hoffmann-La Germany
Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland GISELA STORZ (17), Cell Biology and Me-
STEFFEN ROTH (13), Mannheimer Strasse tabolism Branch, National Institute of
,921 68309 Mannheim, Germany Child Health and Human Development,
NORAHS L. SALMON (16), Department of National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Maryland 29802
Albany Medical College, Albany, New O. A. YKSVONAYOTS (33, 63), Department
York 80221 of Environmental and Occupational
MARMA SAMUNI (59), Department of Mo- Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts-
lecular Biology, Hebrew University Medi- burgh, Pennsylvania 83251
cal School, 91010 Jerusalem, Israel ALFRED R. SUNDQUIST (37), Department of
DERFNAM SARAN (41), Institutfiir Strahlen- Chemistry, University of California at
biologie, GSF Forschungszentrum fiir San Diego, San Diego, California 39029
Umwelt und Gesundheit Neuherberg, D- ORIHCIUY JUSTIN SUZUKI (45, 54), Depart-
85758 Oberschleissheirn, Germany ment of Molecular and Cell Biology, Uni-
JUAN SASTRE (35), Departamento de Fi- versity of California at Berkeley, Berke-
siologia, Universidad de Valencia, 01064 ley, California 02749
Valencia, Spain BRIAN K. NOTGNIKRAT (22), California Re-
RALF KCERHCS (14), Fred Hutchinson Can- gional Primate Research Center, Univer-
cer Center, Seattle, Washington 40189 sity of California at Davis, Davis, Califor-
nia 61659
WILLY SCHLrEP (25), Vitamins and Fine
Chemicals Research, Research and Tech- LUISA EREIROSET (39), Istituto de Chimica
nology Development, F. Hoffmann-La Biologica, Universitft di Palermo, Poli-
Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland clinico, 90127 Palermo, Italy
GNAGFLOW A. SCHULZ (4), Institutfiir Phy- OKIHASAM TSUCHIYA (36, 45, 54), Depart-
siologische Chemie ,1 Heinrich-Heine- ment of Anesthesiology and Resuscito-
,ti?tisrevinU D-40001 Diisseldorf, Ger- logy, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku-
many shi, Kochi 783, Japan
ABDELHAFID SEKAKI (46), Rend Descartes REX M. TYRRELL (18), Swiss Institute for
University, Physical Chemistry Labora- Experimental Cancer Research, Physical
tory, URA 004 CNRS , 75006 Paris, Carcinogenesis Unit, CH-I066 Epalinges,
France Switzerland
ELENA A. AVONIBRES (33, 34), Department J. E. NAV LIER (63), MRC Group ni the Ra-
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University diation Sciences, Department of Nuclear
of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Cali- Medicine and Radiobiology, University of
fornia 02749 Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qudbec, Can-
ada J1H 5N4
MARK K. SHIGENAGA (2), Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of GOVlND T. YRESSATAV (30), Research Ser-
California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Califor- vice, and Geriatric Research Education
ain 02749 and Clinical Center, V.A. Medical Cen-
ter, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
HELMUT SIES (4, 37, 38, 47, 58), Institutffw
Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich- JOSE A4ZIIV (35), Departamento de Fi-
Heine-Universitiit, D-40001 Diisseldorf, siologia, Universidad de Valencia, 01064
Germany Valencia, Spain
WILHELM STAHL (38), Institutfi2r Physiolo- WILLI WALTHER (26), Pharma Research, F.
gische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Univer- Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4002 Ba-
,t~itis 10004-D Diisseldorf, Germany sel, Switzerland
xvi CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 234
WILLIAM B. WEGLICKI (62), Departments Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh,
of Medicine and Physiology, George Pennsylvania 83251
Washington University Medical Center, UZAKASAM AKOAMAY (29), Applied Micro-
Washington, D.C. 20037 biology Division, National Institute of
HELEN WISEMAN (60), Departments of Bioscience and Human Technology, Tsu-
Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Royal kuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
Free Hopsital School of Medicine, Lon- MARK T. YATES (51), Marion Merrell Dow
don NW3 2PF, United Kingdom Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio
51254
GRACE H. W. WONG (20), Cardiovascular
Department, Genetech, Inc., South San HELEN C. OEY (8), Department of Molecu-
lar and Cell Biology, University of -ilaC
Francisco, California 08049
fornia at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
PETER K. WONG (6), Free Radical Biology
02749
and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma
SOLUAP G. YOHANNES (10), Science Divi-
Medical Research Foundation, Okla-
sion, DeKalb College, Decatur, Georgia
homa City, Oklahoma 40137
43003
STEVEN SIKADUOHTNAX (15), Roche Insti- L1-XIN ZHANG (19), Cell Biology Section,
tute of Molecular Biology, Roche Re- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology,
search Center, Nutley, New Jersey 01170 National Institute of Environmental
J. C. YALOWICH (63), Department of Phar- Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
macology, University of Pittsburgh, and North Carolina 27709
Preface
The importance of oxygen-derived radicals, reactive oxygen species,
and antioxidants in health and disease is now recognized by every branch
of medicine and biological science. Overwhelming evidence indicates that
free radicals play a role in most major health problems of the industrial-
ized world, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurological dis-
ease, and aging, and that antioxidants play a critical role in wellness,
health maintenance, and the prevention of chronic and degenerative dis-
eases. Oxidants also play a role in some aspects of health, as in the
oxidative burst of neutrophils and macrophages which allows them to kill
foreign organisms.
The discovery that endothelial relaxing factor is nitric oxide has pro-
vided further evidence of the role of reactive oxygen species in transcellu-
lar signaling pathways; the inducible nitric oxide synthetase in macro-
phages produces large amounts of nitric oxide which are cytotoxic.
Transcellular signaling and cytotoxicity have generated enormous inter-
est, not only in nitric oxide, but also in hydrogen peroxide, carbon mon-
oxide, and other oxygen-containing compounds as modulators of cell pro-
liferation and differentiation.
Recently, a new branch of these studies has emerged. It is becoming
increasingly evident that oxygen radicals and antioxidants have roles in
modulating gene expression; e.g., reactive oxygen species affect tran-
scription factors (NFK-B, AP-1) and early growth response genes (c-los,
c-jun, etc.). These effects can be important both in normal growth as well
as in pathological conditions.
The discovery and continued exploration of such actions, as well as
clarification of the subtle interactions between oxidants and antioxidants
and between various antioxidants themselves, have been the result of
new, more sensitive techniques for the detection and quantitation of oxy-
gen radicals in biological systems and the merging of these techniques
with the explosive and ever-changing fields of molecular biology and mo-
lecular genetics.
The enormous array of technologies and new developments has re-
quired two new Methods in Enzymology volumes, Oxygen Radicals in
Biological Systems (Part C, Volume 233, and Part D, Volume 234), to
contain some of the best and most recent technical improvements in the
field of oxidants in biological systems. The contributions to these volumes
describe methods for the generation and determination of various radical
species and antioxidant actions and for the study of the products of their
attack on cellular components.
xvii
IIIVX .°° ECAFERP
We express great appreciation to the editorial advisory board--Bruce
Ames, Kelvin J. A. Davies, Barry Halliwell, Etsuo Niki, William Pryor,
and Helmut Sies--whose advice, suggestions, and contributions have
helped these volumes represent the state of the art in new techniques and
methods.
LESTER PACKER