Table Of ContentOxidative Stress and Chronic
Degenerative Diseases –
A Role for Antioxidants
Edited by José A. Morales-González,
ISBN 978-953-51-1123-8, 512 pages,
Publisher: InTech,
Chapters published May 22, 2013 under CC BY 3.0 license
DOI: 10.5772/45722
This work responds to the need to find, in a sole document, the affect of oxidative stress at
different levels, as well as treatment with antioxidants to revert and diminish the damage.
Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - a Role for Antioxidants is written for health
professionals by researchers at diverse educative institutions (Mexico, Brazil, USA, Spain,
Australia, and Slovenia). I would like to underscore that of the 19 chapters, 14 are by Mexican
researchers, which demonstrates the commitment of Mexican institutions to academic life and to
the prevention and treatment of chronic degenerative diseases.
BOOK EDITOR
Dr. Jose Antonio Morales-
Gonzalez
México
José Antonio Morales-González carried out his undergraduate
rotating internship year at the Hospital de Jesús Public Welfare
Institution (IAP), graduating as Surgeon Physician in 1997 from
the Faculty of Higher Education (FES)-Iztacala National
Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He engaged in
Doctoral studies in Biological Sciences (with a specialty in
Cellular Biology) at the UNAM (1997-2001). Dr. Morales-
Gonzalez has been awarded diverse recognitions: Hospital de
Jesus IAP awards (1995 and 1996); Gustavo Baz Prada medal
by the UNAM (1997); the Alfonso Caso medal for academic merit by the UNAM (2004);
distinguished by the National System of Researchers (SNI) as National Researcher level 1 (2010-
2016). He is the author of 42 internationally and nationally published articles. He is also editor
and coordinator of 20 specialized books. Dr. Morales-González is a Full-time Titular Professor-
Researcher C at the Area Académica de Farmacia, ICSa-UAEH, Mexico.
FIELDS OF RESEARCH
Life Sciences » Agricultural and Biological SciencesLife Sciences
EXPERIENCE
2005 – current: México
EDITED BOOKS
Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for
Antioxidants
Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Manual
The purpose of this publication is to systematize the knowledge
necessary to make Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) or
Cardiorespiratory Resuscitation (CRR) known to nursing health
specialists, which translates as a set of temporary and internationally
standardized maneuvers assigned to ensure the oxygenation of the vital
organs when the blood circulation of an individual stops suddenly,
independently of the cause of the Cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA). This
knowledge is found correctly delimited in The Basic Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation Manual, which especially emphasizes the step-by-step
methodology and techniques to follow for Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR). This is a basic work that cannot be overlooked by
health care specialists, the society, and the public in general, because of
the high probability that this situation will present at some moment in
life. Thus, it is recommended to be prepared to help some person in an
emergency situation. The manual is an excellent consultation work for health professionals. Given
that what is expressed in this work is fundamental for life, and its objective is to make known the
relevant information concerning the knowledge of CPR.
PUBLICATIONS
Book ChapterAflatoxin B1 - Prevention of Its Genetic Damage by Means of Chemical
Agents
by Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Osiris Madrigal-Santillán, Isela Álvarez-González and Jose
Antonio Morales-Gonzálezin the book "Aflatoxins - Detection, Measurement and Control" edited
by Irineo Torres-Pacheco, ISBN 978-953-307-711-6, InTech, October 10, 2011
Book ChapterThe Protective Effect of Antioxidants in Alcohol Liver Damage
by José A. Morales González, Liliana Barajas-Esparza, Carmen Valadez-Vega, Eduardo
Madrigal-Santillán, Jaime Esquivel-Soto, Cesar Esquivel-Chirino, Ana María Téllez-López,
Maricela López-Orozco and Clara Zúñiga-Pérezin the book "Liver Regeneration" edited by
Pedro M. Baptista, ISBN 978-953-51-0622-7, InTech, May 5, 2012
Book ChapterProtective Effect of Silymarin on Liver Damage by Xenobiotics
by José A. Morales-González, Evila Gayosso-Islas, Cecilia Sánchez- Moreno, Carmen Valadez-
Vega, Ángel Morales-González, Jaime Esquivel-Soto, Cesar Esquivel-Chirino, Manuel García-
Luna y González-Rubio and Eduardo Madrigal-Santillánin the book "Oxidative Stress and
Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants" edited by José A. Morales-González,
ISBN 978-953-51-1123-8, InTech, May 5, 2013
Book ChapterInflammatory Environmental, Oxidative Stress in Tumoral
Progression
by César Esquivel-Chirino, Jaime Esquivel-Soto, José Antonio Morales- González, Delina
Montes Sánchez, Jose Luis Ventura-Gallegos, Luis Enrique Hernández-Mora and Alejandro
Zentella-Dehesain the book "Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for
Antioxidants" edited by José A. Morales-González, ISBN 978-953-51-1123-8, InTech, May 5, 2013
Book ChapterThe Role of Natural Antioxidants in Cancer Disease
by Carmen Valadez-Vega, Luis Delgado-Olivares, José A. Morales González, Ernesto Alanís
García, José Roberto Villagomez Ibarra, Esther Ramírez Moreno , Manuel Sánchez Gutiérrez,
María Teresa Sumaya Martínez, Zuñiga Pérez Clara and Zuli Calderón Ramosin the
book "Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants" edited by
José A. Morales-González, ISBN 978-953-51-1123-8, InTech, May 5, 2013
Book ChapterThe Chemoprevention of Chronic Degenerative Disease Through
Dietary Antioxidants: Progress, Promise and Evidences
by Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Sandra Cruz-Jaime, María del
Carmen Valadez-Vega, María Teresa Sumaya- Martínez, Karla Guadalupe Pérez-Ávila and
José Antonio Morales- Gonzálezin the book "Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative
Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants" edited by José A. Morales-González, ISBN 978-953-51-1123-
8, InTech, May 5, 2013
Book ChapterBasic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Manual
by José A. Morales Gonzálezin the book "Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Manual" edited
by Jose A. Morales Gonzalez, ISBN 978-953-51-1201-3, InTech, November 11, 2013
BOOK CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Cell Nanobiology
by María de Lourdes Segura-Valdez, Lourdes T. Agredano-Moreno, Tomás Nepomuceno-Mejía,
Rogelio Fragoso-Soriano, Georgina Álvarez-Fernández, Alma Zamora-Cura, Reyna Lara-
Martínez and Luis F. Jiménez-García
Chapter 2 The Exogenous Antioxidants
by Alejandro Chehue Romero, Elena G. Olvera Hernández, Telma Flores Cerón and Angelina
Álvarez Chávez
Chapter 3 Chemistry of Natural Antioxidants and Studies Performed with Different
Plants Collected in Mexico
by Jorge Alberto Mendoza Pérez and Tomás Alejandro Fregoso Aguilar
Chapter 4 Food Phenolic Compounds: Main Classes, Sources and Their Antioxidant
Power
by Maria de Lourdes Reis Giada
Chapter 5 Geranium Species as Antioxidants
by Mirandeli Bautista Ávila, Juan Antonio Gayosso de Lúcio, Nancy Vargas Mendoza, Claudia
Velázquez González, Minarda De la O Arciniega and Georgina Almaguer Vargas
Chapter 6 Foods or Bioactive Constituents of Foods as Chemopreventives in Cell
Lines After Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion: A Review
by Antonio Cilla, Amparo Alegría, Reyes Barberá and María Jesús Lagarda
Chapter 7 The Chemoprevention of Chronic Degenerative Disease Through Dietary
Antioxidants: Progress, Promise and Evidences
by Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán, Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Sandra Cruz-Jaime, María del
Carmen Valadez-Vega, María Teresa Sumaya- Martínez, Karla Guadalupe Pérez-Ávila and
José Antonio Morales- González
Chapter 8 Inflammatory Environmental, Oxidative Stress in Tumoral Progression
by César Esquivel-Chirino, Jaime Esquivel-Soto, José Antonio Morales- González, Delina
Montes Sánchez, Jose Luis Ventura-Gallegos, Luis Enrique Hernández-Mora and Alejandro
Zentella-Dehesa
Chapter 9 Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus and the Role Of Vitamins with
Antioxidant Actions
by Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy and Cristina Fernández-Mejía
Chapter 10 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Therapy in Chronic Kidney and
Cardiovascular Disease
by David M. Small and Glenda C. Gobe
Chapter 11 Role of Oxidative Stress in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: From Bench to
Bedside - The Role of a Stem Cell Niche
by Nalini Rajamannan
Chapter 12 Menopause Induces Oxidative Stress
by Claudia Camelia Calzada Mendoza and Carlos Alberto Jiménez Zamarripa
Chapter 13 Oxidative Stress in Periodontal Disease and Oral Cancer
by Mario Nava-Villalba, German González-Pérez, Maribel Liñan- Fernández and Torres-
Carmona Marco
Chapter 14 Aging, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
by B. Poljsak and I. Milisav
Chapter 15 Disease and Therapy: A Role for Oxidants
by Eva María Molina Trinidad, Sandra Luz de Ita Gutiérrez, Ana María Téllez López and
Marisela López Orozco
Chapter 16 The Role of Natural Antioxidants in Cancer Disease
by Carmen Valadez-Vega, Luis Delgado-Olivares, José A. Morales González, Ernesto Alanís
García, José Roberto Villagomez Ibarra, Esther Ramírez Moreno , Manuel Sánchez Gutiérrez,
María Teresa Sumaya Martínez, Zuñiga Pérez Clara and Zuli Calderón Ramos
Chapter 17 Emerging Role of Natural Antioxidants in Chronic Disease Prevention
with an Emphasis on Vitamin E and Selenium
by Manuel Soriano García
Chapter 18 Antioxidant Role of Ascorbic Acid and His Protective Effects on Chronic
Diseases
by José Luis Silencio Barrita and María del Socorro Santiago Sánchez
Chapter 19 Protective Effect of Silymarin on Liver Damage by Xenobiotics
by José A. Morales-González, Evila Gayosso-Islas, Cecilia Sánchez- Moreno, Carmen Valadez-
Vega, Ángel Morales-González, Jaime Esquivel-Soto, Cesar Esquivel-Chirino, Manuel García-
Luna y González-Rubio and Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
Chapter 1
Cell Nanobiology
María de Lourdes Segura-Valdez,
Lourdes T. Agredano-Moreno,
Tomás Nepomuceno-Mejía,
Rogelio Fragoso-Soriano,
Georgina Álvarez-Fernández, Alma Zamora-Cura,
Reyna Lara-Martínez and Luis F. Jiménez-García
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52003
1. Introduction
1.1. Cell nanobiology
We define cell nanobiology as an emergent scientific area trying to approach the study of the
in situ cell processes ocurring at the nanoscale. Therefore, it is part of cell biology but mainly
deals with an interphase between analytical methods such as X-ray crystallography producing
models at atomic or molecular resolution, and direct nanoscale imaging with high resolution
microscopes such as scanning probe microscopes, electron microscopes and super-resolution
microscopes. Several cell structures are involved in nanoscale processes (Figure 1).
1.1.1. An overview of cell structure under a genomic approach of gene expression
The main flow of genetic information represented as the so-called central dogma of molecular
biology in situ, illustrates the major secretory pathway in the cell (Figure 2).
During this pathway, nanoscale particles represent substrates of different moments. During
transcription, nuclear particles are involved in transcription and processing of RNA, both, pre-
mRNA and pre-rRNA. pre-mRNA is transcribed and processed in the nucleoplasm while pre-
rRNA is transcribed and processed within the nucleolus, the major known ribonucleoproteins
structure where ribosome biogenesis and other functions of eukaryotic cell take place. Once
in the cytoplasm, translation takes place in the ribosome, also a major ribonucleoprotein
© 2013 Segura-Valdez et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
4 Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants
particle of 10-15 nm in diameter. When the synthesized protein contains a signal peptide, it is
translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, helped by the signal recognition particle
or SRP, another major and conserved ribonucleoprotein. The transport to Golgi apparatus by
the intermediated zone and the TGN producing the three derivatives from the Golgi apparatus
are mediated by vesicles [see 1].
Figure 1. Cell nanobiology proposes to study cell structures using in situ high resolution microscopical approaches as
electron and atomic force microscopy that could complement molecular and biochemical data to better understand a
physiological role at the nanoscale.
Cell Nanobiology 5
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52003
a. Semenogelin
Semenogelin is the most abundant protein in the semen of mammals. It is a glycosylated
protein that is responsible for properties such as density. As an example, the semenogelin of
the tamarin Saguinus oedipus is used to show how the signals in the nucleic acids and proteins
determine the intracellular pathways associated to that expression. Its expression includes
intranuclear events as transcription by RNA polymerase II from a split gene consisting of 3
exones and 2 intrones, processing of the transcript as 5’ end methylation, 3’ polyadenylation
and splicing. All of them are associated to nuclear particles. Once in the cytoplasm, the mature
transcript or mRNA associates to a ribosome that in turns translates the transcript. If the
resulting protein contains a signal peptide, the signal recognition particle or SRP -a very well
conserved RNA+protein complex- binds to it and associates to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum, giving rise to the translocation process that introduces that protein to the lumen.
Once there, N-glycosylation takes place at several asparagine residues following the basic rule
of adjacent aminoacids showing a basic rule as Asn-X(except proline)-Ser or Asn. In S.
oedipus semenogelin, there are 14 N-glycosylation sites. The protein then continues flowing
through the Golgi apparatus or complex and at the TGN a secretory vesicle forms containing
the protein that finally is secreted by the epithelial cell of seminal vesicle. The analysis of the
gene sequences, as well as the transcription, processing, translation and post-translational
products can predict the cell structures involved in the process [see 1].
Figure 2. A general overview of the cell structure and function. The diagram illustrates the in situ flow of genetic infor‐
mation of a secretory protein encoded in the genome within the cell nucleus. A gene is copied into a pre-mRNA that is
processed to mRNA within the nucleus. mRNA in the cytoplasm may contain a signal sequence that allows entrance to
rough endoplasmic reticulum and further to Golgi complex. The protein inside a vesicle is secreted out of the cell.
6 Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants
1.1.2. Some nanoscale cell structures
There are many cell structures or products made by cells that could be analyzed under the
present approach. Some of them are indicted in Figure 1, but there are others as extracellular
matriz components, cytoskeleton elements, etc.; virus are also nanometric structures associ‐
ated always to cell organelles. Here we will give an overview of some of the cell components,
as examples.
a. Nuclear particles
In eukaryote cells, transcription and processing mainly takes place within the cell nucleus,
associated to nuclear particles that are well known since a method for ribonucleoprotein (RNP)
structures was described in 1969 [2]. These particles are few nanometers in diameter or lengh.
To date, several nuclear RNPs have been described including involved in mRNA metabolism:
perichromatin fibers, perichromatin granules, interchromatin granules in mammals. In insects,
Balbiani ring granules are well known structures [3]. In 1992 Lacandonia granules were
described for some plants [4]. In addition, other nuclear bodies around 300-400 nm in diameter
have been described involved in gene expression. As for rRNA transcription and processing,
the nucleolus is a nuclear organelle containing pre-ribosomes in the granular component that
are about 10-20 nm in diameter.
b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum particles
i. The ribosome
Ribosomes are the universal ribonucleoprotein particles that translate the genetic code into
proteins. The shape and dimensions of the ribosome were first visualized by electron micro‐
scopy [6-8]. Ribosomes have diameters of about 25 nanometers in size and are roughly two-
thirds RNA and one-third protein. All ribosomes have two subunits, one about twice the mass
of the other. The ribosome basic structure and functions are well-known. There are 70S
ribosomes common to prokaryotes and 80S ribosomes common to eukaryotes. The bacterial
ribosome is composed of 3 RNA molecules and more than 50 proteins. In humans, the small
ribosome unit has 1 large RNA molecule and about 32 proteins; the large subunit has 3 RNA
molecules, and about 46 proteins. Each subunit has thousands of nucleotides and amino acids,
with hundreds of thousands of atoms. The small subunit (0.85 MDa) initiates mRNA engage‐
ment, decodes the message, governs mRNA and tRNA translocation, and controls fidelity of
codon–anticodon interactions and the large subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation.
In 1980, the first three-dimensional crystals of the ribosomal 50S subunit from the thermophile
bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus were reported [9]. Since then, ribosome crystallogra‐
phy advanced rapidly. To date crystal structures have been determined for the large ribosomal
subunit from the archaeon Haloarcula marismortui at 2.4 Å [10] and the 30S ribosomal subunit
from Thermus thermophilus [11]. The structure of the entire 70S ribosome in complex with tRNA
ligands (at 5.5Å resolution) emerged shortly after the structures of the initial subunits [12].
