Table Of Contenti
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Oxford Handbook of
Neonatology
ii
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1
iii
Oxford Handbook of
Neonatology
Second Edition
Dr Grenville Fox
Consultant Neonatologist,
Evelina London Children’s Hospital,
Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust,
London, UK
Dr Nicholas Hoque
Consultant Neonatologist,
Queen Charlotte’s and St Mary’s Hospitals,
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
and
Dr Timothy Watts
Consultant Neonatologist,
Evelina London Children’s Hospital,
Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust,
London, UK
iv
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First Edition published in 2010
Second Edition published in 2017
Impression: 1
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1
v
v
The original idea for this handbook arose from files of clinical guidelines
from our own neonatal unit. Our ethos in developing these guidelines was
that they should avoid dogma and provide practical guidance rather than
rigid rules and regulations. These have been rewritten to provide much of
the practical advice given in this handbook, with succinct background notes
added to each topic. We hope this will provide enough detail to inform
medical and nursing staff at all levels and act as an aide-memoire to those
with more experience in the specialty. Practical guidance and a suggested
approach to different clinical situations have been written using the best
available evidence, but we have relied on consensus of opinion where evi-
dence is lacking.
This second edition has a revised chapter order and a new chapter on
neonatal endocrinology, with updates to all other sections reflecting recent
changes and evidence in the specialty.
Grenville Fox
Nicholas Hoque
Timothy Watts
Preface
vi
vii
vii
We are grateful to our consultant colleagues, trainees, senior nursing staff,
and subspecialty teams at the Evelina London Children’s Hospital Neonatal
Unit at St.Thomas’ Hospital, who have contributed to the guidelines which
formed the original idea for this handbook. We are particularly grateful to
Michael Champion from the Evelina London Children’s Hospital for his con-
tribution to the metabolic section; and to Julia Phillips from King’s College
Hospital, and Tony Hulse from the Evelina London Children’s Hospital for
the new endocrinology chapter. We are also grateful to Victoria Barr for
rendering of selected illustrations.
Acknowledgements
viii
ix
ix
Symbols and abbreviations xi
1 Antenatal care, obstetrics, and fetal medicine
1
2 Management at birth and routine postnatal care
19
3 Problems on the postnatal ward
31
4 Admission, discharge, and outcome
51
5 Fluids and electrolytes
71
6 Nutrition
87
7 Respiratory problems
105
8 Respiratory support
149
9 Cardiovascular problems
169
10 Gastrointestinal problems
235
11 Neurological problems
275
12 Infection
323
13 Metabolic problems and jaundice
371
14 Haematological problems
393
15 Nephrological and urological problems
423
16 Endocrinology
439
17 Iatrogenic problems
457
18 Neonatal transport
465
19 Family support, consent, and end of life care
483
20 Practical procedures
493
21 Normal values, therapeutic drug levels,
and useful formulae
531
Index 543
Contents
x
xi
xi
<
less than
>
greater than
7
approximately
+/ –
with or without
i
increased
l
leads to
d
decreased
ΔP
change in pressure
A/ C
assist control
AAP
American Academy of Pediatrics
Ab
antibody
ABC(D)
airway, breathing, circulation, (disability)
ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme
AChR
acetylcholine receptor
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ADPKD
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
AED
automatic external defibrillator
AFB
acid- fast bacilli
ALCAPA
anomalous origin of left coronary artery from
pulmonary artery
ALP
alkaline phosphatase
ALT
alanine transferase
ALTE
acute life- threatening events
AMH
anti- Müllerian hormone
ANNP
advanced neonatal nurse practitioner
anti- HBe
HB e antibody
AP
antero- posterior
APH
antepartum haemorrhage
APLS
Advanced Paediatric Life Support
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARPKD
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
ART
antiretroviral treatment
AS
aortic stenosis
ASD
atrial septal defect
Symbols and abbreviations
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
xii
xii
AST
aspartate transaminase
AV
atrioventricular
aVF
augmented vector foot (ECG lead)
AVRT
atrioventricular re- entry tachycardia
AVSD
atrioventricular septal defect
AXR
abdominal X- ray
AZT
zidovudine (azidothymidine)
BAPM
British Association of Perinatal Medicine
BCG
bacillus Calmette- Guérin
bd
twice daily
BE
base excess
BMF
breast milk fortifier
BMI
body mass index
BP
blood pressure
BPD
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
BW
birth weight
CCAM
congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
CDH
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
CF
cystic fibrosis
CFM
cerebral function monitoring
CGA
corrected gestational age
CGH
comparative genomic hybridization
CHAOS
congenital high airway obstruction syndrome
CHARGE
Coloboma, Heart defects, choanal Atresia, Retardation
of growth/ development, Genital abnormalities,
and Ear abnormalities
CHB
complete heart block
CHD
congenital heart disease
CK
creatine kinase
CLD
chronic lung disease
CMV
cytomegalovirus
CNS
central nervous system
CoA
coarctation of the aorta
CONS
coagulase negative staphlyococci
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPK
creatinine kinase
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CRH
corticotropin- releasing hormone
CRP
C- reactive protein
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CT
computed tomography
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
xiii
CTG
cardiotocograph
CUSS
cranial ultrasound scan
CVP
central venous pressure
CVS
chorionic villous sampling
CXR
chest X- ray
DAT
direct antiglobulin test
DC
direct current
DDH
developmental dysplasia of the hip
DEAFF
detection of early antigen fluorescent foci
DHEAS
dehydroepiandosterone sulphate
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
DILV
double inlet left ventricle
DMSA
dimercaptosuccinic acid scan
DSD
disorders of sexual differentiation
DTaP
diptheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular)
DWI
diffusion- weighted imaging
EBM
expressed breast milk
ECG
electrocardiogram
echo
echocardiography
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
ECV
external cephalic version
EDD
expected date of delivery
EDF
end- diastolic flow
EEG
electroencephalogram
EFM
electronic fetal monitoring
EIA
enzyme immunoassay
ELBW
extremely low birth weight
EMG
electromyography
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
ETT
endotracheal tube
EXIT
ex utero intrapartum treatment
FBC
full blood count
FDP
fibrin degradation products
FENa
fractional excretion of sodium
FFP
fresh frozen plasma
FGR
fetal growth restriction
FHM
fetal heart rate monitoring
FHR
fetal heart rate
FiO2
fraction of inspired oxygen
FLAIR
fluid- attenuated inversion recovery
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
xiv
FRC
functional residual capacity
FSH
follicle- stimulating hormone
G6PD
glucose- 6- phosphate dehydrogenase
GA
gestational age
GBS
group B streptococcus
G- CSF
granulocyte colony stimulating factor
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
GGT
gamma glutamyl transferase
GH
growth hormone
GI
gastrointestinal
GIT
gastrointestinal tract
GMH
germinal matrix haemorrhage
GOR
gastro- oesophageal reflux
GTN
glyceryl trinitrate
GU
genito- urinary
HAART
highly active anti- retroviral treatment
HAS
human albumin solution
HbA1C
haemoglobin A1C
HBeAg
HB e antigen
HBIG
HB immunoglobulin
HBsAg
HB surface antigen
HBV
hepatitis B virus
hCG
human chorionic gonadotrophin
Hct
haematocrit
HCV
hepatitis C virus
HDN
haemolytic disease of the newborn
HELLP
haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets
HFNC
high- flow nasal cannula
HFOV
high- frequency oscillatory ventilation
HHHF
heated humidified high flow
HIE
hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
HIHA
hyperinsulinism hyperammonaemia
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HLHS
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
HMA
homovanillic acid
HOOF
Home Oxygen Order Form
HPI
haemorrhagic periventricular/ parenchymal infarction
HR
heart rate
HSV
herpes simplex virus
HTLV
human T- cell leukaemia virus