Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology: Volume 3: Applications (Oxford Handbooks)

931 Pages·2010·20.64 MB·English

by  A.V. Narlikar

THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF
NANOSCIENCE
AND
TECHNOLOGY
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The Oxford Handbook of
Nanoscience and Technology
VolumeIIIofIII
Applications
Editedby
A.V. Narlikar
Y.Y. Fu
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26DP
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TheOxfordhandbookofnanoscienceandtechnology:frontiersand
advances:inthreevolumes/editedA.V.Narlikar,Y.Y.Fu.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN 978–0–19–953306–0(hardback)
1. Nanotechnology—Handbooks,manuals,etc. 2. Nanoscience—Handbooks,manuals,etc.
I. Narlikar,A.V.,1940– II. Fu,Y.Y.
III. Title:Handbookofnanoscienceandtechnology.
T174.7.094 2010
620’.5–dc22 2009036761
TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India
PrintedinGreatBritain
onacid-freepaperby
CPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire
ISBN 978–0–19–953306–0
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Preface
Wolfgang Pauli is known to have remarked, “God made solids, but surfaces
weretheworkoftheDevil.”ThisHandbookdealswiththeDevil’swork.As
the size of the material is reduced, surfaces acquire increasing importance,
and indeed override the bulk when one of the dimensions of the material
shrinks to nanometers. Simultaneously, at the nanoscale, quantum effects
come into play and the properties of matter confined to nanodimensions are
dramaticallychanged.Nanoscienceandnanotechnologyareallaboutrelating
and exploiting the above phenomena for materials having one, two or three
dimensions reduced to the nanoscale. Its evolution may be traced to three
exciting happenings that took place in a short span from early to mid-1980s
with the award of Nobel prizes to each of them. These were the discovery
of the quantum Hall effect in two-dimensional electron gas, the invention
of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and the discovery of fullerene as
the new form of carbon. The latter two, within a few years, further led to
the remarkable invention of the atomic force microscope (AFM) and, in the
early 1990s the extraordinary discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNT), which
soon provided the launch pad for the present-day nanotechnology. The STM
and AFM have emerged as the most powerful tools to examine, control and
manipulate matter at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales and
thesefunctionalitiesconstitutethemainstayofnanotechnology.Interestingly,
thisexcitingpossibilityofnanoleveltailoringofmaterialswasenvisionedway
back in 1959 by Richard Feynmen in his lecture, “There’s plenty of room at
thebottom.”
Duringthelast15years,thefieldsofnanoscienceandnano-technologyhave
expanded internationally and their growth has perhaps been more dramatic
than in most other fields. They have been transformed into an intense and
highlycompetitiveresearcharena,encompassingpracticallyalldisciplinesthat
includetheoreticalandexperimentalphysics,inorganic,organicandstructural
chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, medicine, materials science, metal-
lurgy,ceramics,electricalengineering,electronics,computationalengineering
andinformationtechnology.Theprogressmadeinallthesedirectionsistruly
spectacular. In this edited Handbook of Nanoscience and Technology, we
have attempted to consolidate some of the major scientific and technological
achievementsindifferentaspectsofthefield.Wehavenaturallyhadtofollow
a selective rather than exhaustive approach. We have focused only on those
topics that are generally recognized to have had a major impact on the field.
Inherent in this selection process is the risk of some topics inadvertently
getting overemphasized while others are unavoidably left out. This is a non-
trivial problem especially in light of the great many developments that have
vi Preface
taken place in the field. However, a great diversity of important develop-
ments is represented in this Handbook and helps us overcome some of these
risks.
The present Handbook comprises 3 volumes, structured thematically, with
25 chapters each. Volume I presents fundamental issues of basic physics,
chemistry, biochemistry, tribology, etc. at the nanoscale. Many of the theo-
retical papers in this volume are intimately linked with current and future
nanodevices, molecular-based materials and junctions (including Josephson
nanocontacts) and should prove invaluable for further technology develop-
ment.Self-organizationofnanoparticles,chains,andnanostructuresatsurfaces
arefurtherdescribedindetail.VolumeIIfocusesontheprogressmadewitha
host of nanomaterials including DNA and protein-based nanostructures. This
volumeincludesnoteworthyadvancesmadewiththetechniquesofimproved
capability used for their characterization. Volume III highlights engineering
andrelateddevelopments,withafocusonfrontalapplicationareaslikeSinan-
otechnologies, spintronics, quantum dots, CNTs, and protein-based devices,
various biomolecular, clinical and medical applications. The other prominent
application areas covered in this volume are nanocatalysis, nanolithography,
nanomaterials for hydrogen storage, nano-field-emitters, and nanostructures
forphotovoltaicdevices.ThisvolumeconcludestheHandbookwithachapter
thatanalysesvariousrisksthatareassociatedinusingnanomaterials.
We realise that the boundaries separating a few of the topics of the above
three volumes are somewhat shadowy and diffuse. Some articles of Volumes
II and III could have also provided a natural fit with Volume I. For instance,
some of the novel molecular devices of Volume III could have alternatively
beenincludedintherealmofbasicstudiesthatformapartofVolumeI.
The three volumes together comprise 75 chapters written by noted inter-
national experts in the field who have published the leading articles on
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in high-profile research journals. Every
article aims to bring out frontiers and advances in the topic that it covers.
The presentation is technical throughout, and the articles in the present set
of 3 volumes are not directed to the general and popular readership. The
set is not intended as a textbook; however, it is likely to be of considerable
interest to final-year undergraduates specializing in the field. It should prove
indispensable to graduate students, and serious researchers from academic
and industrial sectors working in the fields of nanoscience and technology
from different disciplines like physics, chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnol-
ogy,medicine,materialsscience,metallurgy,ceramics,electrical,electronics,
computational engineering, and information technology. The chapters of the
three volumes should provide readers with an analysis of the state-of-the-art
technology development and give them an opportunity to engage with the
cuttingedgeofresearchinthefield.
We would like to thank all the contributors for their splendid and timely
cooperation throughout this project. We are grateful to Dr Sonke Adlung for
being most cooperative and considerate and for his important suggestions to
help us in our efforts, and acknowledge with thanks the efficient assistance
provided by April Warman, Ms Phaedra Seraphimidi and Mr Dewi Jackson.
Special thanks are due to Mrs Emma Lonie and Ms Melanie Johnstone for
Preface vii
commendably coordinating the proof correction work with over 200 contrib-
utors. One of us (AVN) thanks the Indian National Science Academy, New
Delhi for financial assistance in the form of a Senior Scientist fellowship
and the UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Indore, for provid-
ing infrastructural support. He thanks the Consortium Director, Dr Praveen
Chaddah,andtheCentreDirector(Indore),DrAjayGupta,fortheirsustained
interest and cooperation. He further acknowledges with thanks the techni-
cal assistance provided by Mr Arjun Sanap, Mr D. Gupta, Dr N.P. Lalla,
Mr Suresh Bharadwaj, and Mr U.P. Deshpande on many occasions. He is
particularly grateful to his wife Dr Aruna Narlikar for her invaluable help,
patience,andsupportthroughout,andespeciallyforherusefulsuggestionson
many occasions during the course of the present project. He acknowledges
the commendable technical support of his daughter Dr Amrita Narlikar at
Cambridge,andalsoofDrBatashawhoremainsacloseandvaluedfriendof
thefamily.YYFextendshisthankstotheNationalNaturalScienceFoundation
ofChina(ContractsNo.60776053andNo.60671021),andtheNationalHigh
TechnologyResearchandDevelopmentProgramofChina(Program863and
Contract No. 2007AA03Z311) for financial support. He remains indebted to
his father, who passed away many years ago, for his invaluable guidance,
advice and help to build his life and career, and to his mother, wife and son,
fortheirsustainedpatienceandsupport.
A.V.Narlikar
November2008 Y.Y.Fu
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Contents
ListofContributors xvi
1 RoleofcomputationalsciencesinSinanotechnologiesanddevices 1
K.ShiraishiandT.Nakayama
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 PresentSitechnologytrendstimulatedbyscientificknowledge 2
1.3 KeyknowledgeforSinanodevicesobtainedbycomputational
science 3
1.4 FutureSitechnologytrendpredictedbycomputationalscience 39
1.5 Summary 43
Acknowledgments 43
References 43
2 Few-electronquantum-dotspintronics 47
D.V.Melnikov,J.Kim,L.-X.Zhang,andJ.-P.Leburton
2.1 Introductionandmotivations 47
2.2 Twoelectronsindoublequantumdots 50
2.3 Twoelectronsinquantumwirequantumdots 72
2.4 Fewelectronsintriplequantumdots 76
2.5 Conclusion 81
Acknowledgments 82
References 85
3 Spintronicswithmetallicnanowires 90
J.-Ph.Ansermet
3.1 Introduction 90
3.2 Spindiffusion 96
3.3 Modelsforspin-polarizedcurrentsactingonmagnetization 101
3.4 Current-inducedmagnetizationswitching 108
3.5 Current-drivenmagneticexcitations 114
3.6 Resonant-currentexcitation 118
3.7 Conclusion 123
References 124
4 Molecularnanomagnets:Towardsmolecularspintronics 136
W.Wernsdorfer
4.1 Introduction 136
4.2 Overviewofmolecularnanomagnets 139