Oxford American Handbook of Neurology

481 Pages·2010·4.79 MB·English

by  Sid Gilman

Oxford American Handbook of
Neurology
Published and Forthcoming Oxford American Handbooks
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Oxford American
Handbook of
Neurology
Edited by
Sid Gilman
William J. Herdman
Distinguished University Professor of Neurology
University of Michigan School of Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michigan
with
Hadi Manji
Sean Connolly
Neil Dorward
Neil Kitchen
Amrish Mehta
Adrian Wills
1
3
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Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Published by Oxford University Press Inc.
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Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press
First published 2010
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Oxford University Press
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Oxford American handbook of neurology / edited by Sid Gilman ; with Hadi
Manji ... [et al.].
p. ; cm.—(Oxford American handbooks)
Adapted from: Oxford handbook of neurology / Hadi Manji ... [et al.]. 2007.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-536979-3
1. Neurology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Nervous system—Diseases—
Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Gilman, Sid. II. Manji, Hadi. III. Oxford handbook of
neurology. IV. Title: Handbook of neurology. V. Series: Oxford American handbooks.
[DNLM: 1. Nervous System Diseases—Handbooks. 2. Neurology—Handbooks.
WL 39 O978 2010]
RC355.O94 2010
616.8--dc22 2009035334
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in China
on acid-free paper
This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered,
a substitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for
the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the indi-
vidual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate
information with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current
as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and
health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are
being revised continua lly, with new side effects recognized and accounted
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without limitation that they make no representation or warranties as to
the accuracy or effi cacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material.
The authors and the publishers do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any
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vii
PPrreeffaaccee
The Oxford Handbooks have been an extremely valuable adjunct to the
education of physicians in multiple areas of medicine in the United Kingdom
and in many other countries, principally those with linkages to the educa-
tional processes of medicine in the United Kingdom. These books have
been less used in the United States, although they have been familiar to
many in this country and greatly admired for their broad range of coverage,
succinct presentations, easy accessibility, accuracy, and utility. The Oxford
Handbook of Neurology has been one of these books, and it is widely used
in the United Kingdom and other countries not only by medical students
and trainees in neurology and neurosurgery, but also by internists, family
physicians, and practitioners in many other fi elds of medicine. I have had
the frequent experience of visiting hospitals in the United Kingdom and
seeing house offi cers with an Oxford Handbook tucked into a pocket for
easy, frequent access. When Oxford University Press fi rst approached me
to ask whether I might consider serving as editor of the Oxford American
Handbook of Neurology in an edition developed specifi cally for the United
States, I was immediately interested because of my familiarity with the
utility and widespread use of the book elsewhere. Having accepted this
position, I recruited a group of my colleagues here at the University of
Michigan to put together a volume that would refl ect modern neurology
as practiced in the United States, with an approach that is up to date and
modeled along the lines of the U.K. editions of the book.
This book adheres to the brevity and style of the U.K. edition.
Nevertheless, this is a new book with entirely new presentations. As the
topics are important in understanding how to approach neurological
diagnosis, we have chosen to retain the fi rst three sections of the U.K.
edition, including the basics of the neurological history and examination;
a succinct review of neuroanatomy; and common clinical presentations.
After the third chapter, we have developed multiple individual chapters to
capture the major categories of neurological disease. A good deal of the
neurosurgery section in the U.K. edition has been redistributed to other
chapters, and three individual chapters remain focused on neurosurgical
topics. Owing to the emerging importance of this area in neurology, we
have included a chapter devoted to sleep disorders. We have developed
large numbers of new illustrations, both drawings and imaging studies. The
imaging studies utilize the currently best-available techniques of magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanning.
In the past several decades, clinical neurology has evolved from a fi eld
focused principally upon diagnosis into a fi eld in which multiple medical and
surgical approaches can be symptomatically helpful and, for many diseases,
can ameliorate or slow the progression of the underlying pathological
process. Accurate diagnosis is essential and can be challenging. The proc-
ess required includes obtaining a full chronological history of the patient’s
viii CONTENTS PREFACE
complaint, including medications used, with appropriate past medical his-
tory, family history, system review, and social history, followed by a general
medical and neurological examination. With this information at hand, the
next step is to deduce the anatomical location(s) of the lesion or lesions
that can evoke the clinical fi ndings. This is followed by a determination of
the disease processes that would be compatible with the history of disease
evolution. At this point, laboratory investigations can further the inquiry,
but bypassing the initial steps can lead to time-consuming, costly, unneces-
sary laboratory studies and frustrations on the part of both the clinician
and the patient. Accordingly, this book contains information that will help
the clinician to approach patients with neurological disorders, and the dis-
eases described succinctly can serve as a guide to the disease processes
that need to be considered in differential diagnosis.
Sid Gilman, MD, FRCP
University of Michigan
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Kevin Kerber for assistance in the section on nystagmus and
Dr. Mila Blaivas for providing illustrations of pathological changes in brain
and muscle tissues. We appreciate the encouragement, advice, and technical
expertise of the staff at Oxford University Press in New York, particularly
Elizabeth Kates, Andrea L. Seils, and William J. Lamsback.
ix
Contents
Detailed contents xiii
Contributors xix
1 Neurological history and examination 1
2 Neuroanatomy 25
3 Common clinical presentations 51
4 Disorders of the peripheral nervous system 91
5 Stroke and other vascular disorders 137
6 Epilepsy 181
7 Migraine 199
8 Dementias 219
9 Movement disorders and ataxia 235
10 Sleep disorders 269
11 Infectious and infl ammatory conditions 285
12 Neoplastic and paraneoplastic disorders 327
13 Neurotrauma 345
14 Neurosurgery 363
15 Clinical neurophysiology 381
Appendix 433
Index 453