Oxford American handbook of endocrinology and diabetes

766 Pages·2011·2.36 MB·English

by  Boris Draznin

Oxford American Handbook of
Endocrinology and
Diabetes
Draznin_Prelims.indd i 4/2/2011 6:51:22 PM
About the Oxford American Handbooks in Medicine
The Oxford American Handbooks are pocket clinical books, providing practi-
cal guidance in quick reference, note form. Titles cover major medical special-
ties or cross-specialty topics and are aimed at students, residents, internists,
family physicians, and practicing physicians within specifi c disciplines.
Their reputation is built on including the best clinical information, com-
plemented by hints, tips, and advice from the authors. Each one is carefully
reviewed by senior subject experts, residents, and students to ensure that
content refl ects the reality of day-to-day medical practice.
Key series features
• Written in short chunks, each topic is covered in a two-page spread
to enable readers to fi nd information quickly. They are also perfect
for test preparation and gaining a quick overview of a subject without
scanning through unnecessary pages.
• Content is evidence based and complemented by the expertise and
judgment of experienced authors.
• The Handbooks provide a humanistic approach to medicine—it’s more
than just treatment by numbers.
• A “friend in your pocket,” the Handbooks offer honest, reliable
guidance about the diffi culties of practicing medicine and provide
coverage of both the practice and art of medicine.
• For quick reference, useful “everyday” information is included on the
inside covers.
Published and Forthcoming Oxford American Handbooks
Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Medicine
Oxford American Handbook of Anesthesiology
Oxford American Handbook of Cardiology
Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Dentistry
Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis
Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Examination and Practical Skills
Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy
Oxford American Handbook of Critical Care
Oxford American Handbook of Emergency Medicine
Oxford American Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes
Oxford American Handbook of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Oxford American Handbook of Geriatric Medicine
Oxford American Handbook of Nephrology and Hypertension
Oxford American Handbook of Neurology
Oxford American Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Oxford American Handbook of Oncology
Oxford American Handbook of Ophthalmology
Oxford American Handbook of Otolaryngology
Oxford American Handbook of Pediatrics
Oxford American Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Oxford American Handbook of Psychiatry
Oxford American Handbook of Pulmonary Medicine
Oxford American Handbook of Rheumatology
Oxford American Handbook of Sports Medicine
Oxford American Handbook of Surgery
Oxford American Handbook of Urology
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Oxford American
Handbook of
Endocrinology
and Diabetes
Edited by
B oris D raznin, MD, PhD
Director, Adult Diabetes Program
Professor of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Aurora, Colorado
S ol E pstein, MD
Professor of Medicine and Geriatrics
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
New York, NY
with
H elen E. T urner
J ohn A.H. W ass
1
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3

Oxford University Press, Inc. publishes works that further
Oxford University’s objective of excellence
in research, scholarship and education.
Oxford New York
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With offi ces in
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Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Published by Oxford University Press Inc.
198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
www.oup.com
Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press
First published 2011
UK version published: 2009
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Oxford University Press,
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Oxford American handbook of endocrinology and diabetes / edited by
Boris Draznin … [et al.].
p. ; cm.
Handbook of endocrinology and diabetes
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-537428-5
1. Endocrinology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Diabetes—Handbooks, manuals,
etc. I. Draznin, Boris. II. Title: Handbook of endocrinology and diabetes.
[DNLM: 1. Endocrine System Diseases—Handbooks. 2. Diabetes
Mellitus—Handbooks. WK 39]
RC649.O94 2011
616.4—dc22
2010050977
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in China
on acid-free paper
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This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a sub-
stitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the con-
ditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual
circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate infor-
mation with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as
of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and
health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are
being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted
for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product informa-
tion and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published prod-
uct information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the
most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. Oxford University
Press and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers,
express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material,
including without limitation that they make no representation or warran-
ties as to the accuracy or effi cacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the
material. The authors and the publishers do not accept, and expressly
disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk that may be claimed
or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the
contents of this material.

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vi
Preface
In this era of rapid electronic transfer of medical information, the ques-
tion is often posed: “Do we need textbooks anymore, as by the time they
are printed much of the information is outdated?” This question is best
answered by this publication, which offers the reader current, practical,
clinical evidence–based information that will benefi t patients with endo-
crine and metabolic disease. This handbook is not meant to be a fully
comprehensive tome but to act as a quick and easily accessible source of
information.
While we have endeavored to include material that is as current as pos-
sible, the many advances occurring in the fi eld of endocrinology and dia-
betes made this a daunting task. This meant including emerging advances in
translational research, molecular biology, genomics, diagnostic tests, and
therapies without sacrifi cing clinical presentations.
Our expert colleagues, to whom we as co-editors are eternally indebted
and who are too numerous to mention individually, have devoted a con-
siderable amount of time to ensuring the provision of the most relevant
information in a very readable fashion. They accepted their assignments
with grace and a willingness to participate, which made our task as editors
so much easier. We are certain that the reader will enjoy this U.S. version
of the O xford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes and apply this to
their clinical practice.
We thank the authors of the original British edition, Helen E. Turner and
John A.H. Wass. We also thank the editorial staff of the Oxford University
Press for their professional assistance.
Boris Draznin and Sol Epstein

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vii
Contents
Contributors viii
Detailed contents ix
Symbols and abbreviations xxviii
Part 1 Thyroid 1
Part 2 Pituitary 8 1
Part 3 Adrenals 1 63
Part 4 Reproductive endocrinology 221
Part 5 Endocrine disorders of pregnancy 345
Part 6 Calcium and bone metabolism 365
Part 7 Pediatric endocrinology 429
Part 8 Neuroendocrine disorders 463
Part 9 Inherited endocrine syndromes
and multiple endocrine
neoplasia (MEN) 485
Part 10 M iscellaneous endocrinology 513
Part 11 D iabetes 585
Part 12 L ipids and hyperlipidemia 659
Part 13 L aboratory endocrinology 687
Index 699

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viii
Contributors
Marc-Andre Cornier, MD Kristen Nadeau, MS, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Division of Endocrinology, Division of Pediatric
Metabolism and Diabetes Endocrinology
University of Colorado School of University of Colorado School
Medicine of Medicine
Aurora, CO Aurora, CO
Part : Miscellaneous Part : Pediatric Endocrinology
Endocrinology
Rachel Pessah, MD
Emily Gallagher, MB, Division of Endocrinology,
BCh, BAO Diabetes, and Bone Disease
Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Diabetes, and Bone Disease New York, NY
Mount Sinai School of Medicine Part : Thyroid
New York, NY
E. Chester Ridgway, MD
Part : Neuroendocrine Disorders
Professor of Medicine
Dina Green, MD Senior Associate Dean for
Assistant Professor of Medicine Academic Affairs
Division of Endocrinology, Vice Chairman: Department
Diabetes, and Bone Disease of Medicine
Mount Sinai School of Medicine University of Colorado School
New York, NY of Medicine
Parts : Thyroid, Neuroendocrine Aurora, CO
Disorders, Lipids and Part : Laboratory Endocrinology
Hyperlipidemia
Barrie Weinstein, MD
Janice M. Kerr, MD Division of Endocrinology,
Assistant Professor Diabetes, and Bone Disease
Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Metabolism and Diabetes New York, NY
University of Colorado Denver/ Part : Lipids and Hyperlipidemia
Anschutz Medical Campus
Margaret E. Wierman, MD
Aurora, CO
Part : Pituitary Chief of Endocrinology, Denver
VAMC
Caroline Messer, MD Professor of Medicine, Physiology
Division of Endocrinology, and Biophysics
Diabetes, and Bone Disease University of Colorado School
Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Medicine
New York, NY Aurora, CO
Part : Thyroid Part : Reproductive Endocrinology
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ix
Detailed contents
Part 1 Thyroid
1 Anatomy and physiology of the thyroid 2
Anatomy 2
Physiology 4
2 Thyroid investigations 7
Tests of hormone concentration 7
Tests of homeostatic control 7
Antibody screen 10
Scintiscanning 11
Ultrasound (US) scanning 13
Fine needle aspiration (FNAC) cytology 14
Computed tomography (CT) 14
Additional laboratory investigations 15
Sick euthyroid syndrome (non-thyroidal illness syndrome) 15
Atypical clinical situations 16
3 Thyrotoxicosis 1 7
Etiology 17
Manifestations of hyperthyroidism 19
Treatment 21
Thyroid crisis (storm) 28
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy 31
Hyperthyroidism in children 35
Secondary hyperthyroidism 36
4 Graves’ ophthalmopathy, dermopathy, and acropachy 39
Graves’ ophthalmopathy 39
Graves’ dermopathy 43
Thyroid acropachy 43
5 Multinodular goiter and solitary adenomas 44
Background 44
Clinical evaluation 45
Studies 46
Treatment 47
Pathology 48
Thyroid nodules in pregnant mothers 48
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