Table Of ContentOut of the Cold
Out of the Cold
The Cold War and Its Legacy
EDITED BY
MICHAEL R. FITZGERALD
WITH ALLEN PACKWOOD
Bloomsbury Academic
An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Inc
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First published 2013
© Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
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No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Out of the cold : the cold war and its legacy / edited by Michael R. Fitzgerald with
Allen Packwood.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Cold War. 2. Cold War--Influence. 3. World politics--1945-1989. I. Fitzgerald, Michael R.,
1947- editor of compilation. II. Packwood, Allen, editor of compilation.
D843.O87 2013
909.82’5--dc23
2013017195
ISBN: ePDF: 978-1-6235-6330-1
Typeset by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN
CONTENTS
List of photographs ix
Foreword Professor Sir David Wallace x
Preface Allen Packwood xii
Acknowledgments Michael R. Fitzgerald xv
Acronyms and abbreviations xvii
Chronology xix
Contributors xxiv
1 Setting the context 1
The ideological confrontation between East and West had a
life of its own 1
Grigoriy Karasin
Reflections of a child of the Cold War 7
Susan Eisenhower
2 Origins and preliminaries 15
Reminiscences of the wartime Big Three 16
Hugh Lunghi
A Soviet perspective on Cold War origins 19
Vladimir Pechatnov
An American perspective on Cold War origins 24
David Woolner
A British perspective on Cold War origins 31
David Reynolds
3 Prelude to détente 39
Cold War developments in the 1960s 39
Gordon Barrass
America’s decade of self-perceived weakness 42
James A. Thomson
vi CONTENTS
The view from Washington 42
Stefan Halper
The view from Moscow 45
Vladimir Pechatnov
The view from Beijing 48
Ying Rong
4 From détente to dialogue 53
Both sides had people working to prevent World War III 54
John Warner
We needed to find ways to restore American strength 56
Franklin C. Miller
Détente had unintended consequences 58
Sir Roderic Lyne
Thatcher, Reagan, and Gorbachev 63
Lord Powell of Bayswater
Gorbachev wanted a reform but brought a revolution 67
Alexander Likhotal
On the end of the Cold War 75
Peter Jay
5 In the shadow of the bomb: The technology of the
Cold War 77
An historian’s perspective on technology and the Cold War 78
Waqar Zaidi
Government-sponsored research and the Cold War 81
Thom Mason
Strategic weapons systems and the Cold War 83
James A. Thomson
Strategic technologies and Cold War stability 86
Franklin C. Miller
Carbon-fiber technology transformed strategic nuclear weapons 89
Anthony Kelly
The Cold War’s effect on science and scientists 90
Graham Farmelo
CONTENTS vii
6 Coming in from the cold: Intelligence in the Cold War 97
Intelligence and the Cold War in context 97
Christopher Andrew
A Western perspective on intelligence during the Cold War 100
Gordon Barrass
The Soviet-bloc perspective on intelligence during the Cold War 105
Mark Kramer
Submarine intelligence and the Cold War 111
Rear Admiral Roger Lane-Nott
Cold War intelligence in perspective: Then and now 116
Air Marshal Chris Nickols
7 Ending the Cold War: Uncertainties and breakthroughs
in Europe 121
A broadcaster’s perspective on the collapse of the Berlin Wall 122
Lord Watson of Richmond
A journalist’s perspective on the collapse of the Berlin Wall 124
Hella Pick
A Russian perspective on the collapse of the Berlin Wall 127
Alexander Likhotal
A British perspective on the collapse of the Berlin Wall 130
Sir Christopher Mallaby
A German perspective on the collapse of the Berlin Wall 133
Hermann Freiherr von Richthofen
8 The European legacy 139
Prelude to the new beginning 139
Bridget Kendall
Poland and the legacy of the Cold War 141
Victor Ashe
Romania and the legacy of the Cold War 143
Andrei Pippidi
Russia and the legacy of the Cold War 146
Konstantin Khudoley
Russia’s future and the illusions of a new world order 149
Alexander Likhotal
viii CONTENTS
Russia and the end of the Soviet Empire 153
Sir Anthony Brenton
9 The Asian legacy 159
The view from India 160
Kishan Rana
The view from Japan 162
Yoshihide Soeya
The view from China 165
Ying Rong
Understanding the legacy of the Cold War in East Asia 167
John Swenson-Wright
10 Reflections on the lessons of the Cold War 173
The lessons of unintended consequences 173
Lord Wright of Richmond
The retrospect is much clearer than the prospect 174
Andrei Pippidi
The Cold War must never be repeated 175
Konstantin Khudoley
Avoiding future delusions and ignorance 175
Jonathan Haslam
A fairly rough road ahead 177
Franklin C. Miller
Taking the long view 178
Christopher Andrew
There will be no second chance 181
John Warner
Bibliography 185
Index 193
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo 1.1 Susan Eisenhower at “Cold War and its Legacy” Conference
at Churchill College in November 2009 (Courtesy of Churchill Archives
Centre) 6
Photo 2.1 Big Three at the Teheran Conference in November–December
1943 (Courtesy of Churchill Archives Centre) 16
Photo 2.2 Top secret telegram on negotiations with Soviets on Poland in
February 1945 (Courtesy of Churchill Archives) 30
Photo 4.1 Thatcher and Ronald Reagan at No. 10 Downing Street during
visit to Britain in June 1984 (Courtesy of Churchill Archives) 62
Photo 4.2 Thatcher and Gorbachev during visit to Britain in 1987
(Courtesy of Graham Wiltshire) 67
Photo 5.1 American atomic bomb test at Bikini Atoll in July 1946
(Courtesy of Churchill Archives Centre) 77
Photo 5.2 Most Secret letter from Churchill to Eisenhower in March 1954
(Courtesy of Churchill Archives Centre) 87
Photo 7.1 Piece of the Berlin Wall (Courtesy of Churchill Archives
Centre) 121
Photo 10.1 Page from Churchill’s speaking notes for his historic
Iron Curtain Speech in March 1946 (Courtesy of Churchill Archives
Centre) 180
FOREWORD
Professor Sir David Wallace
Master of Churchill College
University of Cambridge
This book is the published version of the conference “The Cold War and its
Legacy,” which was held at Churchill College, Cambridge, on November
18 and 19, 2009. In the course of two full days we were treated to a stellar
cast of panelists and speakers from around the world. Old adversaries were
brought together, academic experts mingled with politicians, diplomats,
military leaders, and scientists, and students of the era had the chance to
ask questions of those who had played a role in shaping the great events of
our recent past.
The conference was held under the auspices of our Churchill Archives
Centre, home to the personal papers of Prime Ministers Winston Churchill,
Margaret Thatcher, and John Major, as well as a host of their contempo-
raries. What could be more fitting? It was Churchill who popularized the
phrase “Iron Curtain” in his celebrated speech at Westminster College,
Fulton, Missouri on March 5, 1946 at the very beginning of the Cold
War, and it was Margaret Thatcher who led Britain’s response to its end,
culminating in the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, some 20
years before this gathering. The Archives Centre contains some of the most
important British sources for the period, but the intention of this conference
was always to widen the perspective and to look at the Cold War through
the eyes of many different nationalities.
Margaret Thatcher, Nancy Reagan, and Mikhail Gorbachev all supplied
letters, read out at the opening of the conference, and it is perhaps worth
quoting from these here:
From Margaret Thatcher came:
In the years that have passed there has been a tendency to diminish the
importance of the Cold War. We have since discovered the true economic,
