OSMORHIZA BIPATRIATA (APIACEAE) IN TEXAS: TAXONOMIC STATUS AND CONSERVATION CONSIDERATIONS

2004·2.7 MB·English

by  Jun Wen

OSMORHIZABIPATRIATA(APIACEAE)INTEXAS:
TAXONOMICSTATUSAND
CONSERVATIONCONSIDERATIONS
JunWen PorterRLowryII
DepartmentofBotany MissouriBotanicalGarden
TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistory P.O.Box299
1400S.LakeShoreDr. St.Louis,Missouri63166-0299,U.S.A.
Chicago,Illinois60605-2496,U.S.A and
and DeparterventdeSystematiqueetEvolution
LaboratoryofSystematic&Evolutionary MuseumNationald'HistoireNaturelle
Botany&Herbanum,InstituteofBotany CasePostale39,57rueCuvier
ChineseAcademyofSciences 16rueBuffon
Beijing100093,CHINA;[email protected] 75231Paris,FRANCE;[email protected]
JamesC.Zech
DepartmentofBiologyC-57
SulRossStateUniversity
Alpine,Texas79832,U.S.A.;[email protected]
ABSTRACT
ThepaperevaluatesthetaxonomicandconservationstatusofOsmovhxzaUpatriataConstance&
R.H.Shan.Theavailablephylogeneticdatasupportitsrecognitionasadistinctspecies,ithasahighly
restricteddistributiononMt.LivermorcoftheTransT'ecosregionmTexas,aswellasinCoahuila
andNuevoLeon,Mexico.ItshabitatonNit.LivermoreishighlyrestrictedwithinthemesicPifius
strohijormiscommunitywhereitisassociatedwithseveralothertaxathatarealsorareinTexas,
suchasPohmoniur}!paucijlorumS.Watsonsubsp.bmcklcyi(Standi.)WherryandAquilev,ia
longissimaA.GrayThepopulationofO,hipalnalcionMt.Livermoreissmall(<20individuals),
althoughapparentlyhealthy,withafullrangeofagestructure.ApplicationofthelUCNRedList
criteriashowsthat0.hipatriataisanendangeredspecies[B2ab(iv)].Werecommendcarefulmoni-
toringofO.hipalriataanditsassociatedhabitat,andrestrictedaccesstoitsonlyknownlocality
withintheUnitedStates.
RESUMEN
EnestearticuloseevaluaelestatustaxonomicoydeconservaciondeOsmorhizabipairiataCon-
stance&R.H.Shan.Losdatosfilogeneticosdisponiblesapoyansureconocimientocomounaespecie
independiente.TieneunadistribucionrnuyresiringidaenelMt.LivermoredelaregionTrans-Pecos
enTexas,aslcomoenCoahuilayNuevoLeon,Mexico.SuhabitatenelMt.Livermoreestarnuy
restringidodentrodelacomunidadmesicadePinusslrohiformis,dondeestaasociadoconotrosvaries
taxaquetambiensonrarosenTexas,tale;comoFolemoniurnjid11ci/lori(mS.Watsonsubsp.Iiinc/dcvi
(Standi.)WherryyAquilegialongnsimaA.GrayLapoblaciondeO.bipcitriataenelMt.Livermorees
pequefia(<20individuos),aunqueaparentementesaludable,conunaestructuradeedadconelrango
complete.LaaplicaciondeloscriterioslUCNparalaListaRojamuestranqueO.hipatnaiaesuna
especieamenazada[B2ab(ivj].Recomendamosuncontrolcuidadosode0.hipatriataysuhabitat
asociado.yaccesorestringidoasuunicalocalidadconocidaenlosEstadosUnidos.
SIDA21(1):501-506.2004
502 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(1)
INTRODUCTION
OsmorhizaRaf.(Apiaceaesubfam.Apioideae)isasmallgenusofapproximately
11species,includingninethatoccurinNorthAmerica(twoofwhicharealso
disjunctinSouthAmerica)andoneeachmAsiaandthecentralAndes.Mem-
bersofthegenusarecharacterizedbytheirdeepbrowntoblack,lineartoob-
long,fusiformtoclavatefruitsthatareslightlycompressedlaterallyandhavea
caudatebasalappendageandfiliformribs,whichinmostspeciesbearnumer-
ousretrorsebristles(Lowry&Jones1984).Severalrecentmolecularphyloge-
neticanalyseshaveshownthatOsmorhizaismonophyleticandthatitismost
closelyrelatedtotheOldWorldgeneraMyrrhisMill,andGcocaryumCoss.
(Downieetal.2000;Wenetal.2002;Yooetal.2002).Thesestudieshavealso
indicatedthatalltheNewWorldmembersofOsmorhizaevolvedfromacom-
monancestorthatarrivedfromAsia,wherethegenusappearstohaveorigi-
nated(Wenetal.2002).WithintheNewWoddclade,agroupoflargelywest-
ernNorthAmericanspeciesformsawellsupportedsubcladethatprobably
diversified relativelyrapidlyTwoofthesespecies,0.herteroi DC.and0.
depauperataPhil,havesubsequentlydispersedintotheGreatLakesarea,east-
ernNorthAmerica,andsouthernSouthAmerica,andanother,0.mexuana
Griseb.,hasaninterruptedrangefromnorthernMexicotonorthernArgentina,
whiletheremainingspeciesoccupyrelativelynarrowgeographicrangesinthe
westernUnitedStates(Lowry&Jones1984;Wenetal.2002).
Specimensattributedtooneofthesespecies,OsmorhizabipatriataCon-
stance&R.H.Shan,werefirstcollectedonSeptember28,1935,byL.C.Hinckley
onMt.LivermoreintheDavisMountainsoftheTrans-PecosregioninTexas
(Hinckley408,SRSC).Constance&Shan(1948)described thissweetcicely
(hereinreferredtoasthebipatriatesweetcicely)fromtheDavisMountainsand
northernMexicoasaspeciesnewtosciencebasedonalatercollectionby
Hinckley(26Jul1937,LC.Hinckleys.n.;holotypeatNYandisotypesatARIZ
andGH).Constance&Shanchosetheepithettoreflectthepresenceof0.
&bipJaotnreisata(1m98t4w)orceopuonrttreidessaesvewrealllamsotrhpehotlwoogniactaiolnailnitteiersmeofdiiatstaeusthboerts.weLeonwr0y.
bipatriataandO.mexicanacollectedfromsitesinnorthernMexico,including
onCerroPotosiinNuevoLeon,wherethetwotaxaoccursympatricallyThese
intermediatespromptedthem toreduce0.bipatriata toasubspeciesofO.
mexicana.RecentlyTurnerctal.(2003)recognizedthetaxonasavarietyof0.
mexicanabecausehechose,somewJiatarbitrarilynottousetherankofsub-
speciesinhiswork(B.L.Turner,pers.comm.).
TAXONOMICSTATUS
Phylogeneticanalysesconductedmthelastseveralyearsusingsequencedata
fromthenuclearribosomalITSregionsandthechloroplastnx/hFgeneandtrnL-
WENETAL.,OSMORHIZABIPATRIATAINTEXAS 503
Fregions(Downieetal.2000;Wenetal.2002;Yooetal.2002)suggestthat
Osmorhizcimexicanaand0.bipatriatadonotformamonophyleticgroupand
indicatethattheyshowconsiderabledivergenceintheirsequenceprofilesof
thesemarkers(e.g.,1.415%divergencebetweentheITSsequences).IntheITS
phylogeny,thepositionsofthetwotaxaareunresolved,althoughbothare
closelyrelatedtootherwesternNorth AmericanmembersofOsmorhiza
(Dowmeetal.2000;Wenetal.2002).Thechloroplastdatasetsuggeststhat0.
hipatriataismostcloselyalliedtoO.depauperata(Yooetal.2002).Theavail-
abledatathusdonotsupporttheinclusionof0.hipatriatawithinO.mexicana
ataninfraspecificlevel.Thephylogeneticdatasuggestinsteadthatitshould
betreatedasadistinctspecies,asinitiallyproposedbyConstance&rShan(1948),
usingeitherthephylogenetic(Nixon&Wheeler1990)orthelineage(deQueiroz
2000)speciesconcept.Whilethepresenceofmorphologicalintermediatesin
northernMexicowouldappeartobeincompatiblewiththerecognitionof0.
hipatriatausingtheclassicalmorphologicalspeciesconcept,assupportedby
Cronquist(1978),thephylogeneticdatasuggestthattheseintermediatesmay
representinterspecifichybridsorperhapsmayhaveresultedformintrogres-
sionbetween0.hipatriataand0.mexicana.Detailedanalyses,however,will
berequiredtoassesstheoriginoftheseintermediates.
Osmorhizahipatriatadiffersfromitscongenersbyitssmall(9-11mmlong)
andglabrousfruits,whichareImear-fusiformandtaperintoashortbeakat
theapex,andbyitsveryshortstyles[0.5-0.75mmlong(Lowry&Jones1984)1
Basedprimarilyonfruitmo.'phology,Constance&Shan(1948)placed0.
hipatriatainsubgen.Glycosma,butcommentedthatitpossessedcharacters
intermediatewithmembersofthetypicalsubgenus,inparticularwithregard
toitsinvolucel,stylesandstylopodium,whicharesimilartothoseofO.
mexicana,whichbelongstosect.Mexicanaeofsubgen.Osmorhiza(seeCon-
stance&Shan1948;Lowry&Jones1984).Ourmolecularphylogeneticstudies
(Wenetal.2002;Yooetal.2002)showthatO.hipatriatapossessesalargenum-
berofuniquemolecularnucleotidesubstitutions,suggestingitsantiquity.
Osmorhizahipatriataisthusperhapsbestdescribedasarelictspecies,which
hassurvivedinmesichabitatsInthenortheasternChihuahuanDesert,which
haveundergoneagradualdryingsincethelateTertiary(Graham1993).
AnillustrationofOsmorhizahipatriataisfoundinLundell&collaborators
(1961:plate42).Lowry&Jones(1984)providedcomprehensiveinformationon
itsmorphologyanddistributionandcitedspecimensfrombothTexasandMexico
depositedinvariousherbaria.BelowaresomeadditionalspecimensfromTexas
thatwehaveexamined,butwhichwerenotseenbyLowry&Jones(1984).
U.S.A.Texas.JeffDavisCo.:MaderaCaryon.Ml.laverrnore,28Sep1935.infr..Hintkhy408iSRSC)\
inwetsoilofspringinMaderaCanyon,Mt.Livermore,23Jul1945.inyoungfr,Hinckley3489iSRSC);
attheupperspringofMaderaCanyon,NWslopeotMt.Livermore.7300ft,12Sep1947,inIr.,Warnock
&Hinckley4M7[SRSO:rareatupperspringinMaderaCanyononMt.Livermore.DavisMountains,
504 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(1)
igneoussoil,7500ft,11Sep1947,infr.Warnock&Hinckley7479(SRSC);infrequentinigneoussoil
eornauCpapneyronM,adTeorbaeCSparniynog,nNofWMto.fLMitv.eLrimvoreer,mo7r3e0.0jufts.t2a3boA\'uega1lQa6r8g,eWhaorrsneoscfkio2e3w0aJl5l,(SinRSdCe)e;pumpepseircMcaadn--
yonunderPmusstivhifoimis-Qucicus^amhcUi-jumpciusdcppcanalorest,associatedwithRham-
nushetulijolia,Symphoricarposoreophilus,Aquilegialongissima.Polcmoniumpaucijlorumsubsp.
hinckleyi,Salviaarizonica.Geraniumcaespitosa.Vitisarizonica.Pteleatrifoliata.Galiumsp..and
Thalicirumsp.,N30°38.364',VV104°10.746',7242ft.,23Aug2003,\nfl&fr,Wenelal.7265{P}.
CON.SERVATIONC0NSIDERAT10N,S
Osmorhizahipatriatahasahighlyrestricteddistribution,withonlyafewlo-
calitiesrecordedonMt.Livermore,Te.xas,andinCoahuilaandNuevoLeon,
Mexico.Untilrecently,allofthecollectionsIromTexasweremadebyL.C.
HinckleyandBartonWarnock(perhapsfromthesamelocality),themostre-
centofwhichdatesfrom1Q68(Warnock23015,SRSC).Duringarecentstudy
trip,wewereabletorelocate0.bipatricitaonthenorthwesternslopeofMt.
Livermore.Asingle,smallpopulationwasfoundon23August2003,compris-
ingabout15individuals,including5-6youngseedlings,itoccupiedasmall
microhabitat withmoist,rich soil in adeepmesiccanyonunderPmus
strohiJormis-Quercusgamhelii-Juniperusdeppeanaforestthatdiffersconsid-
erablyfrommostofthesurroundingvegetation,whichisprimarilydominated
byponderosapinesandvariousoakspecies.TheplantsofO.hipatriataonMt.
Livermorewerehighlyheterogeneousphcnologically,withsomeindividuals
observedinflower,someinyoungfruit,andothersinmaturefruit,inaddition
toalewthatwerejustemergingfromthegroundafterarecentrainshower,
whichsuggeststhat0.bipatricitaisparticularlysensitivetowateravailability.
SuitablehabitatforOsmorhizahipatriataisapparentlyrareintheDavis
Mountains.Althoughthepopulationwestudiedappearstobehealthy,asindi-
catedbythepresenceolafullagestructure,fromyoungseedlingstomature
adultplants,itissmall(lessthan20individuals)andonlypersistsinarestricted
microhabitat.Despitethreedayssearchingthemountainforcomparablehabi-
tat,wewereunabletolocateanyotherpopulations.Wethusrecommendcare-
fulmonitoringoftheonlyknownpopulationintheUnitedStates,whichmay
requirecontrolledaccesstoensureitscontinuedsurvival.Osmorhizahipatriata
alsooccurssympatricallywithtwootherraretaxaintheDavisMountains:Po-
kmoniumpaucijlorumS.Watsonsubsp.hinckleyi(Standi.)Wherry;andAq-
uilegialongissimaA.Gray.Wealsoobservedtwoadditionalrarespecies(Qucrcu.s
depressipesTrel.andAraliahicrenataWooton&Standi.)atahigherelevation
onthesameslopeofMt.Livermore,thesummitoftheDavisMountains.
OsmorhizahipatriataisnotcurrentlylistedintheTexasThreatenedand
EndangeredSpecieslist(TexasParks&WildlifeDepartment2003)norinthe
ThreatenedandEndangeredSpeciesSystem[TESS(U.S.FishandWildlife
Service,2003,http://endangered.fws.gov)].ApplicationofthelUCNRedList
criteria(lUCN,2001;seealso http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlists/
WENETAL.,OSMORHIZABIPATRIATAINTEXAS 505
RLcats2001hooklet.html)shows,however,thatO.hipatriataisanendangered
species[B2ab(iv)]becauseithasanareaofoccupancyestimatedtobelessthan
&50J0oknmes^1a9n8d4:beficga.u1s7e)iatnisdbaoptphekanrsowtonhfarvoemafedweecrhtnhianngfnivuemlboecarhtoifessu(cbfp.oLpouwlray-
tions,asindicatedbyourobservationsonMt.Livermore.
MostspeciesofOsmorhizahavearelativelywidedistribution(cf.Lowry
&Jones1984).AlongwithO.glahrataPhil.,acentralAndeanendemic,andO.
hrachypodaTorn,foundonlyinCaliforniaandArizona,O.hipatriatahasone
ofthemostrestrictedrangesinthegenus.Inthecaseof0.hipatriata,thismay
atleastinpartreflectthefactthatitsfruitslackthecaudateappendagesand
retrorsebristlescharacteristicofmostmembersofthegenus,whicharepre-
sumedtoplayaroleindispersal(Constance&rShan1948;Lowry&Jones1984),
assuggestedforthewidespread0.herteroi,whichCruden(1966)concluded
wasbirddispersed.
Inconclusion,Osmorhizahipatriataisadistinctspecieswithalongevo-
lutionaryhistory.ItappearstobeamongtherarestplantspeciesintheUnited
States,withasingleknownpopulationoflessthan20individualsoccurringin
ararehabitatintheDavisMountainsofwestTexas.Carefulstudiesneedtobe
conductedtoinvestigateitsreproductivebiologyseedgerminationanddis-
persalbiology,ecologicalpreferences,andconservationgeneticstodevelopa
suitablemanagementplanforthisrelictspecies.Comparativeanalysesofits
congenerswithbothwidespreadandrestricteddistributionsshouldalsopro-
videinsightsintothebiologyof0.hipatriatathatmaybeusefulforitsconser-
vation.Furthermore,itisnecessarytocomparetheTexaspopulationwiththose
inCoahuilaandNuevoLeon,M^exicoinordertoverifythattheyareindeedcon-
specific,assuggestedbytheirmorphology.Theevolutionaryconsequenceor
impactofthepossiblehybridizationandintrogressionbetweenOsmorhiza
hipatriataandO.mexicanaalsoneedstobeassessed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
WethanktheNatureConservancyofWestTexasforgrantingaccesstotheDavis
MountainsPreserve,authorizingourfieldstudyonMt.LivermoreinAugust,
2003,andprovidinglodgingduringthefieldwork;wearegratefultoJohnKarges
forhelpfuladvice,PatriciaManningforfieldassistance,MikePowellforher-
bariumassistance,permissiontoexaminethespecimensatSRSC,andvaluable
commentson the manuscript,B.L.Turnerfordiscussionand hisopen-
mindednessofacceptingthespeciesstatusofOsmorhizahipatriata,andGeorge
SchatzforassistancewiththelUCNRedListanalysis.Supportforthestudy
wasprovidedbytheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistory,theChineseAcademy
ofScience(agrantofExcellentOverseasChinese),andtheNationalScience
Foundation(DEB0108536toJV/).
.
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