Table Of ContentThe Sciences Po Series in International
Relations and Political Economy
Series Editor, Christian Lequesne
This series consists of works emanating from the foremost French researchers from
Sciences Po, Paris. Founded in 1872, Sciences Po is today one of the most prestigious
universities for teaching and research in social sciences in France and is recognized
worldwide.
This series focuses on the transformations of the international arena, in a world
where the state, though its sovereignty is questioned, reinvents itself. The series
explores the effects on international relations and the world economy of regional-
ization, globalization (not only of trade and finance but also of culture), and trans-
national flows at large. This evolution in world affairs sustains a variety of networks
from the ideological to the criminal or terrorist. Besides the geopolitical transforma-
tions of the globalized planet, the new political economy of the world has a decided
impact on its destiny as well, and this series hopes to uncover what that is.
Published by Palgrave Macmillan:
Politics in China: Moving Frontiers
edited by Françoise Mengin and Jean-Louis Rocca
Tropical Forests, International Jungle: The Underside of Global Ecopolitics
by Marie-Claude Smouts, translated by Cynthia Schoch
The Political Economy of Emerging Markets: Actors, Institutions and Financial Crises in
Latin America
by Javier Santiso
Cyber China: Reshaping National Identities in the Age of Information
edited by Françoise Mengin
With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism
edited by Denis Lacorne and Tony Judt
Vietnam’s New Order: International Perspectives on the State and Reform in Vietnam
edited by Stéphanie Balme and Mark Sidel
Equality and Transparency: A Strategic Perspective on Affirmative Action in American Law
by Daniel Sabbagh, translation by Cynthia Schoch and John Atherton
Moralizing International Relations: Called to Account
by Ariel Colonomos, translated by Chris Turner
Norms over Force: The Enigma of European Power
by Zaki Laidi, translated from the French by Cynthia Schoch
Democracies at War against Terrorism: A Comparative Perspective
edited by Samy Cohen, translated by John Atherton, Roger Leverdier,
Leslie Piquemal, and Cynthia Schoch
Justifying War? From Humanitarian Intervention to Counterterrorism
edited by Gilles Andréani and Pierre Hassner, translated by John Hulsey,
Leslie Piquemal, Ros Schwartz, and Chris Turner
An Identity for Europe: The Relevance of Multiculturalism in EU Construction
edited by Riva Kastoryano, translated by Susan Emanuel
The Politics of Regional Integration in Latin America: Theoretical and Comparative
Explorations
by Olivier Dabène
Central and Eastern Europe: Europeanization and Social Change
by François Bafoil, translated by Chris Turner
Building Constitutionalism in China
edited by Stéphanie Balme and Michael W. Dowdle
In the Name of the Nation: Nationalism and Politics in Contemporary Russia
by Marlène Laruelle
Organized Crime and States: The Hidden Face of Politics
edited by Jean-Louis Briquet and Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
Organized Crime and States
The Hidden Face of Politics
Edited by
Jean-Louis Briquet
and
Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
Translated by
Roger Leverdier
Katharine Throssell
Cynthia Schoch
William Snow
ORGANIZED CRIME AND STATES
Copyright © Jean-Louis Briquet and Gilles Favarel-Garrigues, 2010.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-62286-9
All rights reserved.
This work was originally published in French by Karthala under the title
Milieux criminels et pouvoir politique. Les ressorts illicites de l’Etat, Paris,
Karthala, Coll. Recherches internationales, 2008, 318p.
First published in 2010 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-38443-3 ISBN 978-0-230-11003-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230110038
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Milieux criminels et pouvoir politique. English
Organized crime and states : the hidden face of politics / edited by Jean-
Louis Briquet and Gilles-Favarel Garrigues ; translated by Roger
Leverdier . . . [et al.].
p. cm.—(The Sciences Po series in international relations and political
economy)
“This work was originally published in French by Karthala under the
title Milieux criminels et pouvoir politique. Les ressorts illicites de l’Etat.”
1. Organized crime—Political aspects. 2. Transnational crime.
I. Briquet, Jean-Louis. II. Favarel-Garrigues, Gilles. III. Leverdier, Roger.
IV. Title.
HV6252.M54413 2010
364.106—dc22 2009047963
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: August 2010
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C O N T E N T S
Notes on Contributors vii
Introduction: Violence, Crime, and Political Power 1
Jean-Louis Briquet and Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
1 The Pakistan Rangers: From Border Defense to Internal
“Protection” 15
Laurent Gayer
2 “Gangs in Uniform” in Turkey: Politics at the Articulation
between Security Institutions and the Criminal World 41
Elise Massicard
3 Governor Sutiyoso’s “Wars on Vice”: Criminal Enterprises,
Islamist Militias, and Political Power in Jakarta 73
Romain Bertrand
4 Shadow States: Globalization, Criminalization, and
Environmental Change 97
Rosaleen Duffy
5 Forging Capitalism: A Bulgarian Case-Study 117
Nadège Ragaru
6 Mafia Violence and Political Power in Russia 147
Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
7 Mafia and Civil Society: Economico-criminal
Collusion and Territorial Control in Calabria 173
Rocco Sciarrone
vi Contents
8 “Drift into Mafiadom”? Political Violence
and Criminality in the Corsican Nationalist Movement 197
Jean-Louis Briquet
9 Monetary Illegalism and Civil War: The Case of Somalia 221
Roland Marchal
Index 247
N O T E S O N C O N T R I B U T O R S
Editors
Jean-Louis Briquet (PhD in Political Science) is CNRS researcher
at CERI-Sciences Po. His researches deal with informal politics (cli-
entelism, corruption, political criminality, and mafia) as well as parties
and political elites, especially in the cases of France, Italy, and South
European countries. He is co-editor in chief of Politix. Revue des sciences
sociales du politique and member of the editorial board of Global Crime,
Meridiana. Rivista di storia e di scienze sociali and of International Political
Sociology. His recent publications include Mafia, justice et politique en
Italie. L’affaire Andreotti dans la crise de la République (1992–2004) (Paris:
Karthala, 2007), Politica in Italia. Edizione 2007 (with Alfio Mastropaolo)
(Bologne: Il Mulino, 2007), and “Les conditions de félicité d’une crois-
ade morale. Lutte anticorruption et conflits politiques dans l’Italie des
années 1990,” Droit et société, n. 72, 2009, pp. 285–301.
Gilles Favarel-Garrigues (PhD in Political Science) is CNRS
researcher at CERI-Sciences Po. His researches deal with law-
enforcement issues in Russia and on global drives against transnational
crime. He co-directs the CERI working papers series Questions de
recherche/Research in question and is a member of the editorial boards
of Critique Internationale, Cultures & Conflits and International Political
Sociology. His publications in English include: Policing Economic Crime in
Russia (London, UK: Hurst, 2010); “Sentinels in the Banking Industry.
Private Actors and the Fight against Money Laundering in France,”
with T. Godefroy & P. Lascoumes, British Journal of Criminology, 48(1),
2008; “Domestic Reformulation of the Moral Issues at Stake in the
Drive against Money Laundering: The Case of Russia,” International
viii Notes on Contributors
Social Science Journal, 185, 2005; “State and the Multilateralization of
Policing in Post-Soviet Russia,” with Anne Le Huérou, Policing and
Society, 14(1), 2004; “Competition and Confusion in the Discourse on
Organized Crime in Russia,” Alternatives, 28(4), 2003.
Contributors
Romain Bertrand (PhD in Political Science) is CNRS researcher
at CERI Sciences Po, specialist of Southeast Asia, and policy analyst
(2000–2001) and permanent consultant (2001–2005) for the Asia-
Pacific Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is a reg-
ular contributor to the Asia Network (CNRS, MSH, Sciences Po,
EHESS), the French Political Science Association, and FASOPO as
well as a member of the editorial board of Politix. His recent publica-
tions include Cultures of Voting. The Hidden History of the Secret Ballot,
with J.-L. Briquet & P. Pels (London: Hurst, 2007); Mémoires d’empire.
La controverse autour du “fait colonial” (Bellecombe-en-Bauges: Editions
du Croquant et Savoir/Agir, 2006); “Entre legs lusitanien et discours
indigéniste. Eléments d’histoire et de sociologie politiques des Betawi
de Djakarta,” Lusotopie 15(1).
Rosaleen Duffy is Professor of International Politics at Manchester
University. Her research centers on wildlife conservation, tourism, and
global environmental management. She has authored several articles on
conservation, tourism, and environmental governance and a number of
books on the subject, including Killing for Conservation: Wildlife Policy in
Zimbabwe (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000) and A Trip
Too Far: Politics, Ecotourism and Exploitation (London, UK: Earthscan,
2002), and coauthored The Ethics of Tourism Development (New York:
Routledge, 2003) with Mick Smith, and Nature Unbound (London,
UK: Earthscan, 2008) with Dan Brockington and Jim Igoe. She has
held numerous grants, totaling over £300,000, to support her research,
mostly from the UK’s Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).
She has field experience in Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa,
Madagascar, Uganda, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Thailand.
Laurent Gayer obtained his PhD in Political Science from Sciences
Po Paris in 2004. His thesis focused on the issue of the internation-
alization of Sikh and Mohajir nationalisms. He is a researcher in
political sociology at the CNRS, affiliated with CURAPP (Centre
Notes on Contributors ix
universitaire de recherches sur l’action publique et le politique). He is
also a research associate at the Centre for the Study of India and South
Asia (Centre d’Etudes de l’Inde et de l’Asie du Sud, CEIAS, EHESS-
CNRS, Paris). He is currently working on the individual trajectories
of male and f emale recruits of the Sikh movement for Khalistan and
on the history of violence in Karachi. He has recently edited, with
Christophe Jaffrelot, Armed Militias in South Asia (London, New York:
Hurst, Columbia University Press, 2009).
Roland Marchal holds his degrees from the Ecole des Hautes Études
en Sciences Sociales (EHEES/School of Advanced Studies in Social
Sciences) and University of Paris VI. He is senior research fellow (CNRS),
based at CERI-Sciences Po (Center for International Studies and
Researches, www.ceri-sciences-po.org). He was the chief editor of the
French academic quarterly Politique africaine (www.politique-africaine.
org) from 2002 to 2006. He has been researching and publishing on
the conflicts and politics in Africa with a focus on the Greater Horn.
His publications include “Warlordism and Terrorism: How to Obscure
an Already Confusing Crisis? The Case of Somalia,” International Affairs
83(6), 2007:1091–1106; “French Perceptions of China in Africa,” in
C. Alden, D. Large, and R. Soares de Oliviera (eds.), China Returns to
Africa (London: Hurst, 2008); “The Unseen Implications of the Crisis
in Darfur,” in Alex de Waal (ed.), War in Darfur and the Search for Peace
(Harvard: Global equity Initiative/Harvard University Press, 2007):
173–198.
Elise Massicard is a Permanent Research Fellow at CNRS (National
Center for Scientific Research), Paris. She is also an Associate Researcher
with CERI Sciences Po. Her publications include L’Autre Turquie. Le
mouvement Aléviste et Ses Territoires (Paris: Presses Universitaires de
France, 2005) and many articles on the political sociology of Turkey,
especially social movements, religion and politics, as well as political
practices and personnel. She is a founder and editor of the peer-re-
viewed journal European Journal of Turkish Studies.
Nadège Ragaru is CNRS Researcher at CERI-Sciences Po and a lec-
turer at Sciences Po (Paris and Dijon). A specialist on the Balkans and a
member of the editorial board of the academic journals Critique interna-
tionale and Balkanologie, she holds a PhD in Political Science from Sciences
Po Paris and was formerly Reid Hall Fellow at Columbia University
(USA, 1999–2000). She has been researching and publishing on the
political sociology of Bulgaria and Macedonia, especially organized
