Organic Electronics

337 Pages·2010·12.753 MB·English

by  S. D. Baranovskii, O. Rubel, F. Jansson, R. Österbacka (auth.), Tibor Grasser, Gregor Meller, Ling Li (eds.)

223
Advances in Polymer Science
Editorial Board:
· · ·
A. Abe A.-C. Albertsson K. Dušek W.H. de Jeu
· · ·
H.-H. Kausch S. Kobayashi K.-S. Lee L. Leibler
· · ·
T.E. Long I. Manners M. Möller O. Nuyken
· ·
E.M. Terentjev M. Vicent B. Voit
·
G. Wegner U. Wiesner
Advances in Polymer Science
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Organic Electronics
·
Volume Editors: Gregor Meller Tibor Grasser
With contributions by
· · ·
M.A. Baldo S.D. Baranovskii H. Bässler D. Basu
· ·
A. Dodabalapur E.V. Emelianova J.G. Grote
· ·
A. Herasimovich G. Horowitz I. Hörselmann
· · · ·
P.J. Jadhav F. Jansson H. Kosina L. Li B.N. Limketkai
· · ·
C. Melzer R. Österbacka G. Paasch O. Rubel
· · ·
N.S. Sariciftci S. Scheinert H. von Seggern T.B. Singh
A. Troisi
123
Editors
GregorMeller TiborGrasser
TUWien TUWien
Inst.Mikroelektronik Inst.Mikroelektronik
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1040Wien 1040Wien
E-360 E-360
Austria Austria
[email protected] [email protected]
ISSN0065-3195 e-ISSN1436-5030
ISBN978-3-642-04537-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-04538-7
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-04538-7
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
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Volume Editors
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Editorial Board
Prof.AkihiroAbe Prof.Hans-HenningKausch
DepartmentofIndustrialChemistry EcolePolytechniqueFédéraledeLausanne
TokyoInstituteofPolytechnics SciencedeBase
1583Iiyama,Atsugi-shi243-02,Japan Station6
[email protected] 1015Lausanne,Switzerland
[email protected]
Prof.A.-C.Albertsson
Prof.ShiroKobayashi
DepartmentofPolymerTechnology
R&DCenterforBio-basedMaterials
TheRoyalInstituteofTechnology
KyotoInstituteofTechnology
10044Stockholm,Sweden
Matsugasaki,Sakyo-ku
[email protected]
Kyoto606-8585,Japan
[email protected]
Prof.KarelDušek
Prof.Kwang-SupLee
InstituteofMacromolecularChemistry,
Czech DepartmentofAdvancedMaterials
AcademyofSciencesoftheCzechRepublic HannamUniversity
HeyrovskýSq.2 561-6Jeonmin-Dong
16206Prague6,CzechRepublic Yuseong-Gu305-811
[email protected] Daejeon,SouthKorea
[email protected]
Prof.L.Leibler
Prof.Dr.WimH.deJeu
MatièreMolleetChimie
PolymerScienceandEngineering
EcoleSupérieuredePhysique
UniversityofMassachusetts
etChimieIndustrielles(ESPCI)
120GovernorsDrive
10rueVauquelin
AmherstMA01003,USA
75231ParisCedex05,France
[email protected]
[email protected]
VI EditorialBoard
Prof.TimothyE.Long MariaJesusVicent,PhD
CentrodeInvestigacionPrincipeFelipe
DepartmentofChemistry
MedicinalChemistryUnit
andResearchInstitute
PolymerTherapeuticsLaboratory
VirginiaTech
Av.AutopistadelSaler,16
2110HahnHall(0344)
46012Valencia,Spain
Blacksburg,VA24061,USA
[email protected]
[email protected]
Prof.IanManners
Prof.BrigitteVoit
SchoolofChemistry
InstitutfürPolymerforschungDresden
UniversityofBristol
HoheStraße6
Cantock’sClose
01069Dresden,Germany
BS81TSBristol,UK
[email protected]
[email protected]
Prof.MartinMöller
Prof.GerhardWegner
DeutschesWollforschungsinstitut
Max-Planck-Institut
anderRWTHAachene.V.
fürPolymerforschung
Pauwelsstraße8
Ackermannweg10
52056Aachen,Germany
55128Mainz,Germany
[email protected]
[email protected]
Prof.OskarNuyken
LehrstuhlfürMakromolekulareStoffe Prof.UlrichWiesner
TUMünchen
MaterialsScience&Engineering
Lichtenbergstr.4
CornellUniversity
85747Garching,Germany
329BardHall
[email protected]
Ithaca,NY14853,USA
[email protected]
Prof.E.M.Terentjev
CavendishLaboratory
MadingleyRoad
CambridgeCB3OHE,UK
[email protected]
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Preface
DearReaders,
Sincetheground-breaking,Nobel-prizecrownedworkofHeeger,MacDiarmid,
and Shirakawa on molecularly doped polymers and polymers with an alternating
bondingstructureattheendofthe1970s,theacademicandindustrialresearchon
hydrocarbon-based semiconducting materials and devices has made encouraging
progress.
The strengths of semiconducting polymers are currently mainly unfolding in
cheapandeasilyassembledthinfilmtransistors,lightemittingdiodes,andorganic
solar cells. The use of so-called “plastic chips” ranges from lightweight, portable
devicesoverlarge-areaapplicationsto gadgetsdemandingadegreeof mechanical
flexibility,whichwouldoverstressconventionaldevicesbasedoninorganic,perfect
crystals.Thefield oforganicelectronicshasevolvedquitedynamicallyduringthe
last few years; thus consumer electronicsbased on molecular semiconductorshas
gainedsufficientmarketattractivenessto be launchedby the major manufacturers
intherecentpast.
Nonetheless,thenumerouschallengesrelatedtoorganicdevicephysicsandthe
physicsoforderedanddisorderedmolecularsolidsarestillthesubjectsofacontin-
uinglivelydebate.
The future of organic microelectronics will unavoidably lead to new device-
physical insights and hence to novel compounds and device architectures of en-
hanced complexity. Thus, the early evolution of predictive models and precise,
computationallyeffectivesimulation toolsfor computer-aidedanalysisand design
ofpromisingdeviceprototypeswillbeofcrucialimportance.
With regard to novel developments and challenges, the organizers of the SIS-
PAD 2007 conference decided to organize an “Organic Electronics” Companion
Workshop.WorldleadingexpertshavebeeninvitedtoViennatopresenttheircur-
rent work on this fascinating and important field of research. Subsequent to the
workshop, all participants, together with those scientists who which were regret-
tablyunabletojointheconference,havebeeninvitedtocontributeachaptertothe
presentvolumeofthebookseries“AdvancesinPolymerScience.”
x Preface
Thisforewordcloseswithasketchysummaryofeachchapter.Herethechapter
summarieshavebeenarrangedinthesameorderinwhichtheyappearinthebook.
In the opening chapter, Evguenia Emelianova and Heinz Baessler analyze the
dissociationofopticallygeneratedexcitonsintopairsoffreecarriersinthecaseof
pure,blendedanddopedpolymers.The effectsofGaussian disorder,temperature,
andelectricfieldonthephotocarrieryieldareinvestigated.Asthepresentedanalyti-
calexaminationshows,energeticdisorderenhancesexcitondissociation.Moreover,
thetemperaturedependenceoftheyieldisweakenedandlosestheactivatedshape
itexhibitsinthecaseofmoderatefieldsandzerodisorder.
PriyaJadhav,BenjieLimketkaiandMarcBaldodedicatedChapter2torecapit-
ulateexperimentalresults,effectivetemperaturemodels,andthepercolationtheory
treatment with special emphasis on the compound AlQ . The authors discuss the
3
applicabilityofpercolationtheorytothe calculationoflow-fieldcarriermobilities
anddebatethestrengthsandlimitationsofeffectivetemperaturemodelswhenbeing
appliedtoawiderrangeofelectricfield strengths,latticetemperaturesandcarrier
concentrations.
In Chap. 3, Sergei Baranovski presents various important theoretical concepts
relevanttothetransporttheoryoforganicglasses,molecularlydopedpolymersand
conjugatedpolymers.
Originallydevelopedforamorphousinorganicsemiconductorscharacterizedby
anexponentialdensityofstates,theauthordiscussestheextensionoftheseconcepts
to Gaussian densities of states under special consideration of state- and carrier-
concentrations,electricfields,andtemperatures.
InChap.4,DebarshiBasuandAnanthDodabalapurdriftvelocityanddriftmo-
bilitymeasurementsinorganicfieldeffecttransistors.Amethodisintroducedwhich
is based on the time-of-flightof an electron swarm injected into the channel by a
voltagepulse. The methodalso grantsan improvedunderstandingof the injection
process, the basic working mechanism of an organic transistor, and the nature of
trapdistributions.
Inanorganicthinfilmtransistor,therelevantinterfacesoccurbetweenthegate
dielectricandthesemiconductorandbetweenthesemiconductorandthesourceand
drain contacts. In Chap. 5, Gilles Horowitz investigatesthe specific problemsand
sophisticatedrequirementsarisinginconnectionwiththeseinterfacesanddescribes
howtocharacterizethemandtheireffectsonthedeviceperformance.
Low-costpolymerfilmsaretypicallyrealizedbysolution-basedtechnology.The
resultingholemobilities,however,liebelowthatofvapordepositedlayers.Conse-
quently,theperformanceofsolution-basedorganicfieldeffecttransistorsislimited.
InChap.6,SusanneScheinertandGernotPaaschaddresstheproblemsoflow-cost
sub-micrometerdevicesandpresentexperimentalresults,contactproblemsimula-
tions,andsimulationsofshort-channeleffects,whichleadtoshort-channeldesign
rules.
BirendraSinghandSerdarSariciftcidevotedChap.7tothemicroelectronicap-
plicability of the promising DNA-based bio-polymer DNA-CTMA. The authors
present their work concerning the processing steps leading to feasible DNA-
CTMA films and study the various characteristics of this compound. Properties