Organ Regeneration: A Study of Developmental Biology in Mammals

335 Pages·1974·13.53 MB·English

by  L. D. Liozner (auth.)

ORGAN
REGENERATION
A Study of Developmental
Biology in Mammals
STUDIES IN SOVIET SCIENCE
LIFE SCIENCES
1973
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Organ Regeneration: A Study of Developmental Biology in Mammals
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STUDIES IN SOVIET SCIENCE
ORGAN
REGENERATION
A Study of Developmental
Biology in Mammals
L. D. Liozner
Institute of Experimental Biology
Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR
Moscow, USSR
Translated from Russian by
Basil Haigh
Edited by
Bruce M. Carlson
Department of Anatomy
The University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, Michigan
CONSULTANTS BUREAU· NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Liozner, Lev Davidovich.
Organ regeneration.
(Studies in Soviet science)
Translation of Uslovifa regenerafsii organov u mlekopitafushchikh.
Bibliography: p.
1. Regeneration (Biology) 2. Organs (Anatomy) 3. Mammals-Physiology.
I. Title. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Mammals-Physiology. 2. Regeneration. QZ150 US6]
QP90.2.L5613 599' .03'1 74-20709
ISBN 978-1-4684-8458-8 ISBN 978-1-4684-8456-4 (eBook)
001 10.1007/978-1-4684-8456-4
The original Russian text, published by Meditsina Press in Moscow in 1972, has
been corrected by the author for the present edition. This translation is pub
lished under an agreement with the Copyright Agency of the USSR (VAAP).
YC JlOBH5I pereHepallHH opraHoB Y MJleKOIIHTalOll!HX
JI. ~. JIHo3Hep
USLOVIYA REGENERATSII ORGANOV U MLEKOPITAYUSHCHIKH
L. D. Liozner
© 1974 Consultants Bureau, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Consultants Bureau, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
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All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit
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Foreword
The main theme of this monograph - conditions of regenera
tion of organs in mammals - reflects an area of increasing empha
sis which permeates much current Soviet research on regeneration.
The introduction of this theme goes back about 25 years, and empha
sis on the influence of environmental conditions upon regenerative
processes has fluctuated until the mid-1960s, when the viewpoints
on this subject were established in much the same form as they are
expressed in this book.
For years, Russian regeneration research has been charac
terized by the presence of several dominant and often conflicting
schools of thought. Since an acquaintance with these makes the in
terpretation of many of the theoretical implications of this book,
particularly in the introductory and concluding chapters, consider
ably clearer, those not familiar with the Russian literature might
profit by reading my brief survey of this field (Carlson, B. M., 1968. Re
generation research in the Soviet Union, Anat. Rec., 160:665-674).
Since that article was written, there has been a major surge of in
terest in the relationship between immune fuhctions and organ re
generation (see Chapter V of this book), and considerable contro
versy has been aroused by the recent theories of intracellular re
generation (Sarkisov, D. S., 1970. Regeneration and Its Clinical Sig
nificance, Izd. Meditsina, Moscow), which are referred to in several
places in this book. A number of references are also made to the
theories of L. V. P olezhaev, which are frequently in opposition to
those of Liozner. For greater details of his work and ideas, the
reader may wish to consult a recent translation of Polezhaev's
book, "Loss and Restoration of Regenerative Capacity in Tissues
and Organs of Mammals," 1972, Harvard University Press, Cam
bridge.
v
vi FOREWORD
Many of the viewpoints and much of the emphasis in the treat
ment of the subject matter of this book demonstrate the considerable
divergence in approach to some problems in regeneration that has
taken place between Soviet investigators and those of the West. For
this reason, to some extent, but primarily because of the language
barrier, the Russian work in this field is seldom quoted in English
publications, and much Western work is not reviewed here. The
primary value of a translation such as this is to make the reader
aware of a wealth of experimentation not normally included in the
current English literature on regeneration and to avoid needless
duplication of research effort in those areas which have been ex
tensively investigated.
Bruce M. Carlson
Preface
In the last 20 years substantial changes have occurred in the
direction of research into regeneration. After the discovery that
mammalian organs can regenerate, attention began to be concen
trated on the study of the many different ways in which this ability
can be manifested. However, despite its extreme importance, the
question of the conditions of regeneration still await special study.
It was this state of affairs which led a group of workers at the
Laboratory of Growth and Development of the Institute of Human
Morphology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, to take the
necessary steps to classify the available material on the conditions
of regeneration of mammalian organs. The authors were clearly
aware of the difficulty confronting them in this task, not least be
cause no book had previously been published in this field. It like
wise must not be forgotten that this problem of the conditions of re
generation, like all problems concerned with the mechanisms of
biological processes, is one of the most difficult and complex prob
lems that there is. Finally, the authors must admit that they had
no personal experience of experimental work in some of the fields
of research discussed in the book.
The authors hope that they have succeeded to some extent in
their task and have given the reader a reasonable general view of
the state of the subject.
vii
Contents
INTRODUCTION (L. D. Liozner) ......... . 1
CHAPTER I. Effect of the Quantity of Tissue
Removed on Regeneration of Organs
(T . B. Timasbkevich) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CHAPTER II. Age and Regenerative Capacity
(V. F. Sidor ova) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CHAPTER III. The Endocrine Regulation of
Regeneration (G. V. Kharlova) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
CHAPTER IV. The Tissue-Specific Regulation
of Reparative Growth (L. K. Romanova). . . .. 129
CHAPTER V. The Lymphoid Tissue and Organ
Reg e n era t ion (A. G. Babaeva) ............. 155
CHAPTER VI. Stimulation of Regeneration
(E. A. Efimov) ....................... 173
CHAPTER VII. E ffe ct of Trans pI an tation and
Ischemia on Regeneration (L. M. Farutina).. 195
CHAPTER VIII. The Effect of Function on
Regeneration (L. K. Romanova) . . . . . . . . . . .. 217
CHAPTER IX. Regeneration under Pathological
Conditions (I. N. Yashina) ....... , .. . . . . 237
CHAPTERX. Regeneration and Irradiation
(I. N. Yashina) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261
CONCLUSION (L. D. Liozner) .................... 273
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..... . 287
ix
Introduction
The period of the 1940s and 1950s marked a turning point in
the study of regeneration. Until then biologists working on the
study of regeneration had conducted their researches on various in
vertebrates and lower vertebrates. During this period, however,
experiments also began to be performed on mammals. Before such
a radical change in the direction of research could take place, cer
tain preliminary requirements had to be fulfilled. In fact, the
switch to the study of regeneration in mammals was preceded by a
theoretical demonstration of its possibility. The course of regener
ation in mammals has been studied by physicians since ancient
times. However, they studied it from a particular standpoint and
quite apart from the study of regeneration in other animals, and as
a result the results obtained by the study of mammals were re
garded as something quite distinct from all other branches of the.
science of regeneration. Nearly all investigators assumed that in
mammals and man regeneration can be manifested in only two ways:
the healing of wounds and a slight degree of regeneration of tissues.
The capacity for both types of regeneration is extremely slight and
it cannot be compared with the regenerative capacity of animals
usually used as test objects by biologists. As regards the healing
of wounds such a conclusion is justified, for this term essentially
implies the absence of regeneration and its replacement by an
adaptation to protect the internal tissues from harmful environ
mental action. In mammals, for instance, the limbs do not regener
ate and wounds simply heal at the site of injury.
The term "regeneration of tissues," as opposed to regenera
tion of organs expresses the same idea of the extremely low re
generative capacity of mammals, which cannot restore their organs,
so that only a lower form of regeneration is observed in them. In
1