Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VII

414 Pages·1997·16.25 MB·English

by  Joseph Arditti (auth.)

ORCHID BIOLOGY
REVIEWS AND PERSPECTIVES, VII
Dedicated by the editors to
Calaway H. Dodson, Bertil Kullenberg
and Gunnar Seidenfaden
Publication of this volume was made possible
by financial support from
Mr. Jerry Rodder
Orchid Biology:
Reviews and Perspectives, VII
Edited by
JOSEPH ARDITTI
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine
and
ALEC M. PRIDGEON
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-90-481-4837-0 ISBN 978-94-017-2498-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2498-2
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without prior permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
Associate editors xiii
Board of editors xiii
Contributors XV
Persons to whom this volume is dedicated xix
Preface xxiii
A personal note xxili
General preface xxiv
1. Brown Danube, Blue Pacific
Joseph Arditti
Introduction 1
My family and parents 1
World War II and antisemitism 5
Israel 8
My brother 11
America, America ... from see to shining sea 11
UCLA 11
Roy Scott 14
Jack, Margie, Wendie and Bob Rau 14
usc 16
UCI 17
Science 18
Orchids 18
Taro 21
Students 22
Research outside the USA 23
Singapore 23
Indonesia 24
Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives 25
Fundamentals of Orchid Biology 26
M icropropagation of Orchids 26
Tura 26
Jonathan 27
Conclusion 27
Postscript 28
EMBRYOLOOY
2. Ovule and megagametophyte development in orchids
Edward C. Yeung and Sandra K. Law 31
Introduction 31
Ovule development at the time of anthesis 33
Placentae 38
Nucellus 38
Vll
viii
Archesporia! cell 39
Megasporocyte 40
Megasporogenesis 46
General considerations 46
Callose distribution 49
Megaspore 51
Megagametogenesis 54
The striking phenomenon 57
Intraspecific co-existence of different types of embryo sacs 59
The mature megagametophyte 61
Integuments 64
Future perspectives 65
Glossary 67
Acknowledgments 68
References 68
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
3. Molecular biology of orchids
Adelheid R. Kuehnle 75
Introduction 75
Macromolecular organization and quantification 76
Nuclear DNA content 76
Chromatin 78
Phylogeny and systematics 82
DNA molecules 83
Enzyme variation 87
Floral biology: pre-pollination 90
Floral development 90
Pigment biosynthesis 91
Floral biology: post-pollination 92
Ovary and ovule development 93
Senescence 94
Plant breeding 96
Gene transfer 96
Genomic Markers 105
Conclusions and prospects 106
Glossary 107
Acknowledgments 111
References 111
MYCORRHIZA
4. Fungi from orchid mycorrhizas
Randolph S. Currah, Carla D. Zelmer, Sarah Hambleton, and
Katherine A. Richardson 117
Introduction 117
Methodology and taxonomy 126
Isolation techniques 126
Screening isolates 129
The Rhizoctonia complex 130
Correlating isolates with morphology in host tissue 132
Key to fungi associated with orchid roots and mycorrhizas: Basidiomycotina 134
Taxonomic descriptions of genera 135
Armillaria 135
Ceratobasidium 136
Ceratorhiza 139
ix
Epulorhiza 141
Erythromyces 144
Fa volaschia 144
Geotrichopsis 145
Marasmius 145
Melanotus 145
Moniliopsis 146
Sebacina 148
Sistotrema 148
Thanatephorus 148
Tulasnella 151
Xerotus 151
Ypsilonidium 153
Key to fungi associated with orchid roots and mycorrhizas: Ascomycotina and
Fungi Imperfecti 153
Taxonomic descriptions of genera 156
Acremonium 156
Acrogenospora 156
Alternaria 158
Arthrinium 158
Colletotrichum 158
Cylindrocarpon 158
Epicoccum 159
Fusarium 159
Hypoxylon 159
Lasiodiplodia 159
Leptodontidium 161
Nectria 161
Nodulisporium 161
Oidiodendron 162
Penicillifer 162
Pestalotiopsis 162
Phialocephala 162
T etracladium 164
Trichoderma 164
Trichosporiella 164
Glossary 164
Acknowledgments 166
References 166
Additionalliterature 170
BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH
5. Orchid production and research in Japan
Syoichi Ichihashi 171
Introduction 171
Outline of potted orchid production 171
Supply of nursery plants 173
Pot plant production 174
Research on orchids in Japan 174
Cymbidium 174
Growth habits of species 176
Factors affecting growth of miniature cultivars 177
Effects of minimum temperatures in winter 177
Effects of temperature on shoot growth 178
Changes in carbohydrate content during shoot growth 178
Effects of light intensity on photosynthesis and carbohydrate content 179
X
Factors affecting growth of standard cultivars 180
Growth of original shoots produced in vitro 180
Growth control of the flowering shoots 180
Shading and carbohydrate content 181
Flower bud induction and development 182
Flower bud differentiation 182
Appearance of flower buds 182
Flower bud and stalk development 183
Higher temperature induced blasting of inflorescence 183
Control of blasting by chemicals 183
Malformation of flowers 184
Coloration of flowers 184
Potting mixtures and fertilization 185
Potting mixtures 185
Fertilization 185
Nobile-type Dendrobium 186
Bud growth 186
Propagation through cuttings 186
Sprouting from mother plants 187
Factors affecting terminal leaf formation 187
Maturation of pseudo bulbs after terminal leaf formation 189
Factors affecting maturation of pseudobulbs 189
Physiological changes during maturation 189
Induction of flower buds 190
Flower bud induction by low temperature 190
Effects of light 191
BAP application 191
Flower bud and flower development after induction 191
Factors affecting development of flower buds 191
Effects of light and temperature on flowers 193
Fertilization, watering, and potting mixtures 193
Fertilization 193
Watering and potting mixtures 194
Phalaenopsis 196
Effects of temperature on growth 196
Photomorphogcnesis 196
Photosynthesis 197
Effects of temperature on CO2 absorption 197
Effects of day length on C02 absorption 198
Effects oflight intensity on C02 absorption 199
Other factors 200
Flower induction 200
Flower induction under artificial light conditions 200
Effects of day length on flowering 201
Chemical control of flowering 201
Water potential 202
Potting mixtures 202
Watering and fertilization 202
Glossary 204
Acknowledgments 205
References 205