Optimal sizing and analysis of a stand-alone hybrid solar PV – wind power system with storage

204 Pages·2017·6.08 MB·English

by  Victor Okinda Omondi

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
School of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering

MSC (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING)

OPTIMAL SIZING AND ANALYSIS OF A STAND-ALONE HYBRID
SOLAR PV – WIND POWER SYSTEM WITH STORAGE

By
Victor Omondi Okinda
F56/69159/2013

Signature Date

Supervisor
Prof. Nicodemus Abungu Odero

Signature Date

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Masters of Science in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering of the University of Nairobi.
Declaration

This MSC research work is my original work and has not been presented for a degree award in
this or any other university.

Victor Omondi Okinda
F56/69159/2013

This MSC research work has been submitted to the School of Engineering, Department of
Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Nairobi with my approval as supervisor.

Prof. Nicodemus Abungu Odero

Date………………………..

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DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
NAME OF STUDENT: VICTOR OMONDI OKINDA
REGISTRATION NUMBER:F56/69159/2013
COLLEGE: ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING
FACULTY: ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING
COURSE NAME: MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING
TITLE OF WORK: OPTIMAL SIZING, MODELLING, SIMULATION AND SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS FOR A STAND-ALONE HYBRID SOLAR PV – WIND RENEWABLE ENERGY
POWER SYSTEM WITH ENERGY STORAGE

1. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the university policy in this regard.
2. I declare that this final year project report is my original work and has not been submitted
elsewhere for examination, award of a degree. Where other people’s work or my own work
has been used, this has properly been acknowledged and referenced in accordance with the
University of Nairobi’s requirements.
3. I have not sought or used the services of any professional agencies to produce this work
4. I have not allowed, and shall not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of
passing it off as his/her own work.
5. I understand that any false claim in respect of this work shall result in disciplinary action,
in accordance with University anti-plagiarism policy.

Signature:
…………………………………………………………………………….………
Date:
…………………………………………………………………………………….

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Dedication
This research work is dedicated to my mother and father, fiancée, friends and all benefactors for
having faith in me.

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Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I wish to thank the Almighty God for being by my side throughout the duration
of this intense and laborious research.
I would like to acknowledge and state my immense gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Nicodemus
Abungu Odero, the Dean-Faculty of Engineering, Chairman-Department of Electrical and
Information Engineering and all my lecturers and support staff at the University of Nairobi for
their support which contributed greatly to the provision of knowledge as well as the completion
of this thesis.
Finally, I extend special thanks to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Okinda, fiancée Ms. Nyakundi,
friends and benefactors for their mutual, emotional and material support throughout the duration
of this work.
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Table of contents
Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... ii
Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... v
Table of contents ............................................................................................................................ vi
List of tables .................................................................................................................................. xii
List of figures ............................................................................................................................... xiii
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ xv
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... xviii
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Research Questions .......................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Justification for the Study ................................................................................................ 3
1.6 Scope of work................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Organization of Thesis ..................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Literature Review...................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Classification by Optimal Sizing Methodology. .............................................................. 6
2.1.1 Dividing Rectangles (DIRECT) ................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Optimal Sizing using Genetic Algorithms ................................................................ 7
2.1.3 Particle Swarm Optimization .................................................................................. 11
2.1.4 Simulated Annealing ............................................................................................... 12
2.1.5 Hybridized Meta-heuristics ..................................................................................... 12
2.1.6 Commercial Software, HOMER ............................................................................. 13
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2.1.7 Integer Programming .............................................................................................. 14
2.1.8 Response Surface Methodology ............................................................................. 14
2.1.9 Other Techniques .................................................................................................... 15
2.2 Generation technologies considered in the hybrid system. ............................................ 16
2.2.1 Hybrid of Solar PV with Wind ............................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Hybrid of Solar PV, Wind and Biofuels ................................................................. 17
2.2.3 Hybrid of Solar, Wind and Diesel Generator .......................................................... 17
2.2.4 Hybrid of Solar, Wind and Electrolyzer with Fuel Cell ......................................... 18
2.2.5 Hybrid of Solar, wind and Tidal Energy ................................................................. 18
2.2.6 Hybrid of Wind and Hydroelectric Power .............................................................. 18
2.3 Energy Storage System employed.................................................................................. 19
2.3.1 Battery Energy Storage ........................................................................................... 19
2.3.2 Other ESS................................................................................................................ 23
2.4 Reliability Index Used .................................................................................................... 24
2.4.1 Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP).............................................................. 25
2.4.2 LPSP with other Indices.......................................................................................... 25
2.4.3 Expected Energy Not Served (EENS) .................................................................... 25
2.4.4 Loss of Load Probability (LLP) .............................................................................. 26
2.4.5 Equivalent Loss Factor ........................................................................................... 26
2.4.6 Levelized Cost of Electricity .................................................................................. 26
2.4.7 Other Indices ........................................................................................................... 26
2.5 Modelling Method Used................................................................................................. 27
2.6 Simulation method used ................................................................................................. 27
2.7 Validation Method.......................................................................................................... 28
2.8 Summary of Literature Review ...................................................................................... 28
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Chapter 3 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 32
3.1 Geospatial Resource Assessment ................................................................................... 32
3.1.1 Required Data ......................................................................................................... 32
3.1.2 Solar Resource Data ................................................................................................ 32
3.1.3 Wind Resource Data ............................................................................................... 34
3.1.4 SWERA Database ................................................................................................... 35
3.1.5 Geospatial Resource Assessment ............................................................................ 36
3.1.1 Data Analysis and Visualization ............................................................................. 38
3.2 Hybrid System Model .................................................................................................... 40
3.3 Solar PV Model .............................................................................................................. 40
3.3.1 The Solar Photovoltaic Cell .................................................................................... 41
3.3.2 Understanding and Improving the Single Diode Model ......................................... 42
3.3.3 Solar Array Model .................................................................................................. 45
3.3.4 Modelling Power Output of a Kyocera KD 200 SX Series Panel .......................... 47
3.4 Wind Turbine Generator Model ..................................................................................... 49
3.4.1 Power in Wind ........................................................................................................ 49
3.4.2 Ideal Wind Turbine ................................................................................................. 51
3.4.3 Practical Wind Turbines ......................................................................................... 52
3.5 Wind Turbine Model ...................................................................................................... 56
3.6 Energy Storage ............................................................................................................... 58
3.6.1 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) ............................................................... 58
3.6.2 Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FES) ............................................................... 59
3.6.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems (CAES) ................................................ 59
3.6.4 Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) ................................................................................ 60
3.6.5 Hydrogen................................................................................................................. 60
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3.6.6 Criteria for Selecting an Energy Storage Scheme................................................... 60
3.7 Generic Model of a Battery Energy Storage System. .................................................... 63
3.8 The Kinetic Battery Model (KiBaM) ............................................................................. 64
3.9 Load Model .................................................................................................................... 67
3.10 Problem Formulation .................................................................................................. 68
3.10.1 The Reliability Objective ........................................................................................ 68
3.10.2 The Cost Objective ................................................................................................. 69
3.10.3 Boundary Conditions .............................................................................................. 73
3.11 Flow Chart and Initial Algorithm Parameters ............................................................ 75
3.11.1 Process Flow Chart ................................................................................................. 75
3.11.2 Population ............................................................................................................... 77
3.11.3 Fitness Scaling and Selection.................................................................................. 77
3.11.4 Reproduction, Elitism, Crossover and Mutation..................................................... 77
3.11.5 Migration................................................................................................................. 78
3.11.6 Stopping Criteria ..................................................................................................... 78
3.12 Data Pre-processing .................................................................................................... 79
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................... 80
4.1 Simulation Results.......................................................................................................... 80
4.1.1 A: Base Configuration without DSM Simulation ................................................... 80
4.1.2 B: Base Configuration with DSM Simulation ........................................................ 80
4.1.3 C: Base Configuration with DSM Simulation and PV Tracking ............................ 81
4.1.4 D: Optimal Configuration without DSM Simulation.............................................. 81
4.1.5 E: Optimal Configuration with DSM Simulation ................................................... 89
4.1.6 F: Optimal Configuration with DSM Simulation and PV Tracking ....................... 95
4.2 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 102
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4.2.1 Scenario A: Base case ........................................................................................... 102
4.2.2 Scenario B: Base case with demand side management simulation ....................... 103
4.2.3 Scenario C: Base Case with demand side management simulation and PV trackers
103
4.2.4 Scenario D: Optimal Configuration without demand side management simulation
104
4.2.5 Scenario E: Optimal configuration with demand side management simulated .... 105
4.2.6 Scenario F: Optimal Configuration with DSM Simulation and PV Tracking ...... 106
4.3 Validation ..................................................................................................................... 107
4.3.1 Comparison with the Transparent Cost Database (TCD) ..................................... 107
Chapter 5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 110
5.1 Summary of Thesis Findings and Contributions .......................................................... 110
5.2 Conclusions Drawn ...................................................................................................... 110
5.3 Recommendation for further Work .............................................................................. 112
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 113
ANNEX 1: Publications Resulting from this Work .................................................................... 121
A: A Review of Techniques in Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems ........ 121
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 121
Citation ................................................................................................................................ 121
B: Modelling, Simulation and Optimal Sizing of a Hybrid Wind, Solar PV Power System in
Northern Kenya ....................................................................................................................... 122
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 122
Citation ................................................................................................................................ 122
ANNEX 2: Datasheets ................................................................................................................ 123
A: Solar PV Module................................................................................................................ 123
B: Wind Turbine Generator .................................................................................................... 126
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