Optical Systems Engineering

469 Pages·2000·7.51 MB·English

by  Keith Kasunic

Optical Systems Engineering
About the Author
Keith J. Kasunic has more than 20 years of experience
developing optical, electro-optical, and infrared
systems. He holds a Ph.D. in Optical Sciences from the
University of Arizona, an MS in Mechanical
Engineering from Stanford University, and a BS in
Mechanical Engineering from MIT. He has worked for
or been a consultant to a number of organizations,
including Lockheed Martin, Ball Aerospace, Sandia
National Labs, Nortel Networks, and Bookham. He is
also an Instructor and Graduate Faculty Scholar at
Univ. of Central Florida’s CREOL—The College of
Optics and Photonics, as well as an Affiliate Instructor
with Georgia Tech’s Distance Learning and Professional
Education.
Optical Systems
Engineering
Keith J. Kasunic
Univ. of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences
Univ. of Central Florida, The College of Optics and Photonics
Georgia Tech, Distance Learning and Professional Education
Lockheed Martin Corp.
New York Chicago San Francisco
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Optical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Optical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Optical Systems Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Notes and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2. Geometrical Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Field of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 Relative Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Finite Conjugates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 Combinations of Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6 Ray Tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.7 Thick Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.8 Stops, Pupils, and Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.9 Afocal Telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Notes and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3. Aberrations and Image Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1 Aberrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2 Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.3 Image Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Notes and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4. Radiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.1 Optical Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.2 Irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.3 Etendue, Radiance, and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.4 Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.5 Stray Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
vii
viii Contents
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Notes and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5. Optical Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.1 Source Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.2 Systems Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.3 Source Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5.4 Source Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Notes and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
6. Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.1 Detector Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.2 Focal Plane Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.3 Signals, Noise, and Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.4 Detector Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
6.5 Detector Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Notes and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
7. Optomechanical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
7.1 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
7.2 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
7.3 Thermal Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
7.4 Structural Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
7.5 Component Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Notes and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Preface
I want to solve a problem. . . . I want to see how I can clarify the issue in
order to reach the solution. I try to see how the area is determined, how
it is built up in this figure. . . . Instead, someone comes and tells me to do
this or that; viz., something like 1/a or 1/b or (a − b) or (a − b)2, things
which clearly have no inner relation to the issue. . . . Why do just this? I am
told “Just do it”; and then another step is added, again ununderstandable
in its direction. The steps drop from the blue; their content, their direction,
the whole process . . . appears arbitrary, blind to the issue of how the area
is built up. . . . In the end, the steps do lead to a correct, or even proved
answer. But the very result is seen in a way that gives no insight, no
clarification.
Max Wertheimer, Productive Thinking
The result is that people who have understood even the simplest, most
trivial-sounding economic models are often far more sophisticated than
people who know thousands of facts and hundreds of anecdotes, who
can use plenty of big words, but have no coherent framework to organize
their thoughts.
Paul Krugman, The Accidental Theorist
This book is for anyone developing optical hardware. With many
optical engineering texts already on the market with a similar theme,
what is there about this book that distinguishes it from the others?
On the simplest level, there are few books that approach optical
systems engineering as a unique field of knowledge. For example,
the range of system engineering skills useful in industry—system
architecture trades, feasibility studies, performance modeling,
requirements analysis and flow-down, allocation of error budgets,
subsystem and component specifications, tying together the interfaces
between subsystems, and evaluating vendor progress to ensure
performance of critical hardware—are rarely addressed. These skills
all build on a strong understanding of optical engineering
fundamentals but are quite different from the traditional testing and
lens design aspects of optical engineering found in other books.
ix