Optical Modulation: Advanced Techniques and Applications in Transmission Systems and Networks

681 Pages·2018·40.893 MB·English

by  Le Nguyen Binh

Electrical Engineering Binh
Optical Modulation
Advanced Techniques and
Applications in Transmission
Systems and Networks
The modulation of lightwaves plays a crucial role in the transmission of
information via optical pipelines. Optical Modulation: Advanced Tech-
niques and Applications in Transmission Systems and Networks
thus focuses on optical modulation techniques, external modulators,
and direct modulation of lasers offering ultra-broadband signaling for
current and next generation optical transmissions systems (e.g., 5G O Optical Modulation
mobile networks and high-speed Internet bandwidth). The book is
divided into three sections to enhance reader-centered learning: p
Section I examines direct modulation, laser generation, and optical
t
injection locking master-slave direct modulation concepts and princi-
i
ples; Section II investigates external modulators, their association with
c
optical receivers employing coherent/non-coherent techniques, as well
as transmission performance evaluation of these techniques; Section III a
offers a number of basic principles of modulation, integrated devices,
l
and fibers. Optical Modulation: Advanced Techniques and Applica-
Advanced Techniques and Applications in
tions in Transmission Systems and Networks is written with students
M
(e.g., graduate and undergraduate) and professionals in mind who wish
Transmission Systems and Networks
to strengthen their understanding of the basic principles of optical trans-
o
mission, especially the arts of modulation of lightwaves in modern
optical fiber transmission systems in long haul, metro, and access d
networks.
u
(cid:127) Discusses the fundamental features of optical modulators, especially
l
the principles of phasors representing the phase states of lightwaves
a
under no and with modulation manipulations, with specific attention
given to integrated photonics, photonic circuit technology, and t
electronic photonic integrated circuits (PIC) i
(cid:127) Examines external modulators, direct modulation, and their effective o
linewidth to modulated lasers or lightwaves
n
(cid:127) Provides basic concepts for high-speed modulation for transmission
and fundamental technology development
(cid:127) Includes practical computing models for practice and understanding
the behavior and dynamics of devices and systems
Le Nguyen Binh
K26932
ISBN-13: 978-1-4987-4523-9
90000
9 781498 745239
Optical Modulation
Advanced Techniques and Applications in
Transmission Systems and Networks

Optical Modulation
Advanced Techniques and Applications in
Transmission Systems and Networks
Le Nguyen Binh
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In the memory of my father

Contents
Preface ................................................................................... xxi
Authors.................................................................................. xxiii
Chapter1 Introduction................................................................... 1
1.1 EvolutionofOpticalTransmissionSystemsandNetworks:Modulation,
Amplification,andDispersion........................................... 1
1.1.1 IntheBeginningThereWasLight...............................1
1.1.2 WeaklyGuidingPhenomenaandSMFNon-Coherent
andCoherentSystems...........................................2
1.1.3 OpticalAmplification:No-LongerLossLimitedBut
Dispersion,ExternalModulationEmerges........................2
1.1.4 ModernDSP-BasedOpticalTransmission,Advanced
ModulationFormats,Electronic—PhotonicIntegrated
Circuit(e-PIC)Technology......................................2
1.2 Tera-Streams,Core,Metro-Core,Metro-AccessTechnologies,
andModulationSchemes................................................ 3
1.3 IntegratedOpticsandIntegratedPhotonics............................... 5
1.4 DataCenterEccentricNetworkingandFlattenedTraditional
TelecomNetworks...................................................... 6
1.5 DigitalOpticalCommunicationsandTransmissionSystems:
ChallengingIssues...................................................... 7
1.6 ModulationFormatsandOpticalSignalsGeneration...................... 9
1.6.1 BinaryLevel....................................................9
1.6.2 BinaryandMulti-Level ........................................11
1.6.3 In-PhaseandQuadraturePhaseChannels........................12
1.6.4 ExternalOpticalModulation....................................12
1.6.5 AdvancedModulationFormats.................................14
1.6.6 IncoherentOpticalReceivers ...................................14
1.6.7 CoherentOpticalReceivers.....................................15
1.6.8 ElectronicEqualization.........................................15
1.6.8.1 Feed-ForwardEqualization.......................... 16
1.6.8.2 DecisionFeedbackEqualization ..................... 16
1.6.8.3 MinimumMeanSquareErrorEqualizationand
MaximumLikelihoodSequenceEstimation .......... 17
1.6.8.4 VolterraFiltering.................................... 17
1.7 OrganizationoftheChapters........................................... 18
References................................................................... 19
SECTION I
Chapter2 DirectModulationofLaserandOpticalInjectionLockingSources.............. 25
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 25
2.2 DirectModulation..................................................... 26
2.2.1 GeneralIntroduction...........................................26
vii
viii Contents
2.2.2 PhysicsofSemiconductorLasers ...............................27
2.2.2.1 TheSemiconductorp-nJunctionforLasing
Lightwaves......................................... 27
2.2.2.2 OpticalGainSpectrum .............................. 28
2.2.2.3 TypesofSemiconductorLasers...................... 28
2.2.2.4 Fabry–Perot(FP)HeterojunctionSemiconductor
Laser............................................... 29
2.2.2.5 Distributed-Feedback(DFB)SemiconductorLaser.... 30
2.2.2.6 Constricted-MesaSemiconductorLaser .............. 31
2.2.2.7 SpecialSemiconductorLaserSource................. 32
2.2.2.8 SingleModeOpticalLaserRateEquations........... 32
2.2.2.9 DynamicResponseofLaserSource.................. 34
2.2.2.10 FrequencyChirp.................................... 34
2.2.2.11 LaserNoises........................................ 35
2.3 ExternalCavityLasers................................................. 37
2.3.1 TunableExternal-CavityDiodeLasers..........................39
2.3.2 Mode-LockedExternal-CavityDiodeLasers ....................41
2.4 MeasurementsofLaserLinewidthandPhaseNoises..................... 41
2.4.1 GenericAspectsofIntensityandPhaseNoise...................41
2.4.2 IntensityNoise.................................................42
2.4.3 PhaseNoiseandLinewidth.....................................45
2.4.4 Remarks.......................................................46
2.4.5 ExperimentalPhaseNoiseMeasurementofaSemiconductor
NarrowLinewidthCWLaserbySelf-HeterodyneDetection......46
2.4.5.1 ExperimentalPlatform............................... 46
2.4.5.2 LinewidthandPhaseNoises:Analytical
DerivationsandMeasurements....................... 47
2.5 IntroductiontoExternalModulation.................................... 51
2.5.1 PhaseModulators..............................................52
2.5.2 IntensityModulators...........................................52
2.5.3 PhasorRepresentationandModulationTransfer
Characteristics.................................................53
2.5.4 BiasControl...................................................55
2.5.5 ChirpFreeOpticalModulators .................................55
2.5.5.1 StructuresofPhotonicModulators ................... 56
2.5.5.2 TypicalOperationalParametersofOptical
IntensityModulators ................................ 56
2.5.6 MATLAB®SimulinkModelsofExternalOpticalModulators....56
2.5.6.1 PhaseModulationModelandIntensityModulation... 56
2.5.6.2 DWDMOpticalMultiplexersandModulators ........ 57
2.6 OpticalIQModulatorsforCoherent100GandBeyond.................. 57
2.6.1 InP-BasedDirectModulationSourcesandOpticalInjection......61
2.6.2 LimitsofLithiumNiobate......................................62
2.6.3 InPTraveling-WaveMZModulator.............................63
2.6.4 ModulatorRequirements.......................................64
2.6.5 ApplicationRequirementsofInPIQModulators.................64
2.6.6 Low-Vπ,HighBandwidthInPIQModulator.....................65
2.7 LaserInjectionforBandwidthExtensiontoDirectModulation........... 66
2.7.1 IntroductoryRemarks..........................................66
2.7.2 ModulationbyOpticalInjectionLaser(OIL)....................67
2.7.3 IntegratedMutualCoupledCavityforOpticalInjectionLocking...72
Contents ix
2.8 ConcludingRemarks................................................... 73
Appendix2A:MATLAB®ProgramforSolvingtheLaserRateEquation........ 74
References................................................................... 76
Chapter3 BinaryDigitalOpticalModulation ............................................ 79
3.1 AdvancedPhotonicCommunicationsandChallengingIssues............ 79
3.1.1 Background ...................................................79
3.1.2 ChallengingIssues.............................................80
3.1.3 EnablingTechnologies.........................................81
3.1.3.1 DigitalModulationFormats ......................... 81
3.1.3.2 Self-CoherentOpticalReceivers ..................... 82
3.2 Return-to-ZeroOpticalPulses.......................................... 83
3.2.1 GenerationPrinciples ..........................................83
3.2.2 PhasorRepresentation..........................................85
3.2.2.1 PhasorRepresentationforCS-RZPulses ............. 86
3.2.2.2 PhasorRepresentationforRZ33Pulses............... 87
3.3 DifferentialPhaseShiftKeying(DPSK) ................................ 88
3.3.1 Background ...................................................88
3.3.2 OpticalDPSKTransmitter......................................89
3.3.3 Self-CoherentDetectionofOpticalDPSK.......................90
3.3.4 MinimumShiftKeying(MSK).................................91
3.3.5 CPFSKApproach..............................................91
3.3.5.1 TheoreticalBackground............................. 91
3.3.5.2 ProposedGenerationScheme........................ 92
3.3.6 ODQPSKApproach ...........................................94
3.3.6.1 TheoreticalBackground............................. 94
3.3.6.2 GenerationScheme.................................. 95
3.3.6.3 IncoherentDetectionofOpticalMSK................ 97
3.4 ContinuousPhaseDual-LevelMSK .................................... 98
3.4.1 TheoreticalBackground........................................98
3.4.1.1 Pre-Coder........................................... 99
3.4.2 GenerationScheme ............................................99
3.4.3 Non-andSelf-CoherentDetectionofOptical
Dual-LevelMSK ............................................. 100
3.4.4 SpectralCharacteristicsofAdvancedModulationFormats ..... 101
3.4.5 Remarks..................................................... 103
3.5 PartialResponsesandSingle-SidebandModulationFormats ............ 104
3.5.1 PartialResponses:Duo-BinaryModulation.................... 105
3.5.1.1 IntroductoryRemarks .............................. 105
3.5.1.2 TheDBMFormatter ............................... 106
3.5.1.3 40Gb/sDBOpticalFiberTransmissionSystems .... 107
3.5.1.4 Electro-OpticDuobinaryTransmitter................ 109
3.5.1.5 TheDuobinaryEncoder............................ 110
3.5.1.6 TheExternalModulator............................ 110
3.5.1.7 DuobinaryTransmittersandPre-Coder.............. 113
3.5.1.8 AlternativePhaseDBTransmitter................... 114
3.5.2 SingleSideBandModulation................................. 114
3.5.2.1 HilbertTransformSSBMZModulatorSimulation... 114
3.5.2.2 SSBDemodulatorSimulation....................... 115
3.5.2.3 SSBinComb-GenerationTechniques............... 116