Optical coatings and thermal noise in precision measurement

342 Pages·2012·9.505 MB·English

by  Gregory M Harry, Timothy P Bodiya, Riccardo DeSalvo

OPTICAL COATINGS AND THERMAL NOISE IN
PRECISION MEASUREMENT
Thermalnoisefromopticalcoatingsisagrowingareaofconcern,andovercominglimits
to the sensitivity of high-precision measurements by thermal noise is one of the greatest
challengesfacedbyexperimentalphysicists.
In this timely book, internationally renowned scientists and engineers examine our
currenttheoreticalandexperimentalunderstanding.Beginningwiththetheoryofthermal
noiseinmirrorsandsubstrates,subsequentchaptersdiscussthetechnologyofdepositing
coatingsandstate-of-the-artdielectriccoatingtechniquesusedinprecisionmeasurement.
Applicationsandremediesfornoisereductionarealsocovered.
Individual chapters are dedicated to specific fields where coating thermal noise is a
particular concern, including the areas of quantum optics/optomechanics, gravitational
wavedetection,precisiontiming,high-precisionlaserstabilizationviaopticalcavities,and
cavityquantumelectrodynamics.Whileprovidingfullmathematicaldetail,thetextavoids
field-specificjargon,makingitavaluableresourceforreaderswithvariedbackgroundsin
modernoptics.
Gregory Harry has worked in the field of gravitational wave detection for over 15
yearsandiscurrentlytheOpticsChairandCoatingCognizantScientistfortheLaserInter-
ferometerGravitationalWaveObservatory(LIGO),andProfessoratAmericanUniversity,
WashingtonDC.Heisamongstthepioneersofcoatingthermalnoiseresearch.
Timothy P. Bodiya isagraduatestudentatthePhysicsDepartmentofMassachusetts
InstituteofTechnology.Heisconductingresearchinthefieldofgravitationalwavephysics
andquantumoptomechanicswiththegoalofmeasuringquantumeffectsoneveryday-sized
objects(gramtokilogramsize).
Riccardo DeSalvo is Professor at the University of Sannio in Benevento, Italy.
PreviouslyhehasheldthepositionsofSeniorStaffScientistatLIGO,Caltech,Passadena,
andthatofStaffScientistatINFNinPisa,Italy.HeisamemberofASME,APS,andSIF
andhasauthoredmorethan200refereedpapers.

OPTICAL COATINGS AND
THERMAL NOISE IN
PRECISION MEASUREMENT
Editedby
GREGORY HARRY
AmericanUniversity,WashingtonDC
TIMOTHY P. BODIYA
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
and
RICCARDO DESALVO
Universita´degliStudidelSannio,Benevento,Italy
cambridge university press
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Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107003385
(cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2012
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2012
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Opticalcoatingsandthermalnoiseinprecisionmeasurement/editedbyGregoryM.Harry,
TimothyBodiyaandRiccardoDeSalvo.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN978-1-107-00338-5(hardback)
1.Opticalcoatings. 2.Quantumoptics. 3.Light–Scattering. 4.Electromagneticwaves–Scattering.
I.Harry,GregoryM.,1967– II.Bodiya,TimothyP. III.DeSalvo,Riccardo.
TS517.2.O64 2012
621.36–dc23 2011039977
ISBN978-1-107-00338-5Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtoin
thispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,
orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Listofcontributors pagevii
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
1 Theoryofthermalnoiseinopticalmirrors 1
y. levin
2 Coatingtechnology 6
s. chao
3 Compendiumofthermalnoisesinopticalmirrors 20
v. b. braginsky, m. l. gorodetsky, and s. p. vyatchanin
4 Coatingthermalnoise 31
i. martin and s. reid
5 Directmeasurementsofcoatingthermalnoise 55
k. numata
6 Methodsofimprovingthermalnoise 73
s. ballmer and k. somiya
7 Substratethermalnoise 93
s. rowan and i. martin
8 Cryogenics 108
k. numata and k. yamamoto
9 Thermo-opticnoise 129
m. evans and g. ogin
10 Absorptionandthermalissues 145
p. willems, d. j. ottaway, and p. beyersdorf
11 Opticalscatter 163
j. r. smith and m. e. zucker
v
vi Contents
12 Reflectivityandthicknessoptimization 173
i. m. pinto, m. principe, and r. desalvo
13 Beamshaping 196
a. freise
14 Gravitationalwavedetection 216
d. j. ottaway and s. d. penn
15 High-precisionlaserstabilizationviaopticalcavities 237
m. j. martin and j. ye
16 Quantumoptomechanics 259
g. d. cole and m. aspelmeyer
17 Cavityquantumelectrodynamics 280
t. e. northup
References 296
Contributors
MarkusAspelmeyer
UniversityofVienna,FacultyofPhysics,Boltzmanngasse5,VIENNA1090,Austria
StefanBallmer
SyracuseUniversity,NewYork,DepartmentofPhysics,SYRACUSE,NY13244,USA
PeterBeyersdorf
SanJoseStateUniversity,DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,1,WashingtonSquare,
SANJOSE,CA95192-0160,USA
VladimirB.Braginsky
M.V.LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,FacultyofPhysics,LeninskieGory,
MOSCOW119991,Russia
ShiuhChao
NationalTsingHuaUniversity,InstituteofPhotonicsTechnologies,101KuangfuRd,
Sec.2,HSINCHU,Taiwan
GarrettD.Cole
UniversityofVienna,FacultyofPhysics,Boltzmanngasse5,VIENNA1090,Austria
RiccardoDeSalvo
Universita´ degliStudidelSannio,ViaPort’Arsa,11,82100Benevento,Italy
MatthewEvans
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,LIGOLaboratoryMIT,NW22-295,
CAMBRIDGE,MA02139,USA
AndreasFreise
UniversityofBirmingham,SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy,Edgbaston,
BIRMINGHAMB152TT,UK
vii
viii Listofcontributors
MichaelL.Gorodetsky
M.V.Lomonosov,MoscowStateUniversity,FacultyofPhysics,LeninskieGory,
MOSCOW119991,Russia
YuriLevin
LeidenObservatory,NielsBohrweg2,LEIDEN2300RA,TheNetherlands
IainMartin
UniversityofGlasgow,DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,GLASGOWG128QQ,
UK
MichaelJ.Martin
UniversityofColorado,Boulder,JILA440UCB,BOULDER,CO80309-0440,USA
TracyE.Northup
Universita¨tInnsbruck,Institutfu¨rExperimentalphysik,Technikerstrasse25/4,
INNSBRUCK6020,Austria
KenjiNumata
NASA-GoddardSpaceFlightCenterCode663,8800GreenbeltRd,GREENBELT,MD
20771,USA
GregOgin
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,LIGOLaboratory,MS100-36,Room252BW.Bridge,
PASADENA,CA91125,USA
DavidJ.Ottaway
UniversityofAdelaide,SchoolofChemistryandPhysics,ADELAIDE,SOUTH
AUSTRALIA5005,Australia
StevenD.Penn
HobartandWilliamSmithColleges,DepartmentofPhysics,300PulteneyStreet,
GENEVA,NY14456,USA
InnocenzoM.Pinto
UniversityofSannio,DepartmentofEngineering,CorsoGaribaldi107,Pal.dell’Aquila
Bosco-Lucarelli,BENEVENTOI-82100,Italy
MariaPrincipe
DepartmentofEngineering,CorsoGaribaldi107,Pal.dell’AquilaBosco-Lucarelli,
BENEVENTOI-82100,Italy
Listofcontributors ix
StuartReid
UniversityofGlasgow,DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,GLASGOWG128QQ,
UK
SheilaRowan
UniversityofGlasgow,SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy,GLASGOWG128QQ,UK
JoshuaR.Smith
CalStateFullerton,DepartmentofPhysics,800NStateCollegeBlvd,FULLERTON,CA
92831,USA
KentaroSomiya
WasedaInstituteforAdvancedStudy,1-6-1Nishiwaseda,Shinjuku,TOKYO169-8050,
Japan
SergeyP.Vyatchanin
M.V.Lomonosov,MoscowStateUniversity,FacultyofPhysics,LeninskieGory,
MOSCOW119991,Russia
PhilWillems
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,LIGOLaboratory,MS18-34,PASADENA,CA
91125,USA
KazuhiroYamamoto
LeibnizUniversitaetHannover,Max-Planck-InstitutfuerGravitationsphysik,
Callinstrasse38,HANNOVERD-30167,Germany
JunYe
UniversityofColorado,Boulder,JILA440UCB,BOULDER,CO80309-0440,USA
MichaelE.Zucker
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,LIGOLaboratory,NW22-295,185AlbanyStreet,
CAMBRIDGE,MA02139,USA