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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
COMPARATIVE LABORATORY STUDY ON FLY ASH AND WOOD ASH
AS FILLER MATERIAL IN HOT MIX ASPHALT

A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa
University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(ROAD AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING)

Advisor:
Bikila Teklu (Ph.D)
Co-Advisor:
Asres Simeneh (MSc.)
BY
DAGMAY LEMMA BATU

JUNE, 2016
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COMPARATIVE LABORATORY STUDY ON FLY ASH and WOOD ASH AS
FILLER MATERIAL IN HOT MIX ASPHALT

BY
DAGMAY LEMMA BATU

Approved by the Board of Examiners

Chairman

Advisor

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

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2016
Comparative laboratory study on Fly Ash and Wood Ash as a filler material in

HMA

Declaration
This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in
any other university, and that all sources of material used for the thesis have
been duly acknowledged.

Candidate’s name_________________________
Signature___________________

Date of submission: June, 2016

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology Page II
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Comparative laboratory study on Fly Ash and Wood Ash as a filler material in

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude from the bottom of my heart to my Advisor
Bikila Teklu (Ph.D) and my Co-Advisor Asires Simeneh (MSc.) for their invaluable
guidance throughout the thesis work and their voluntariness to support.

I wish to express my gratitude to The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopian
Roads Authority (ERA) for giving me financial support to study this post graduate program.

My Thanks also goes to the Addis Ababa City Roads Authority (AACRA) staff members
who were supportive in collecting of aggregates and bitumen sample which is an input for
my thesis work.

The last but not the least I truly like to thank CORE Consulting Engineers Company which
helped me to conduct the laboratory tests.

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology Page III
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Comparative laboratory study on Fly Ash and Wood Ash as a filler material in

HMA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………. III
Table of Content………………………………………………………………... IV
List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………………. VII
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………. IX
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………… X
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………. XI

CHAPTER 1.Introduction…………………………………………………..………1
1. 2. Statement of the Problem …................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………….3
CHAPTER 2.Literature Review………………….………………………………...4
2.1. Types of Asphalt Concrete …...............................................................4
2.2. Effect of Filler in Bituminous Mixtures …..............................................5
2.3. Local Studies on Fillers …....................................................................5
2.4. Volumetric Properties…......................................................................14
CHAPTER 3.Research Methodology……….…………………………………..19
3.1. Study Scope ............................................................................….......19
3.2. Study Design…………………………………………………………........19
3.3. Data Collection Techniques...…..……………………………………….20
3.4. Data Collection...…..………………………………………………………21
3.4.1. Fillers………….……………………………………………………21
3.4.2. Aggregates………….……………………………………………..22
3.4.3. Bitumen……………………………………………….................. 23
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Comparative laboratory study on Fly Ash and Wood Ash as a filler material in

HMA

3.5. Sampling …………….………………………………………………….. 24
3.5.1. Fillers …………….………………………………………………. 24
3.5.2. Bitumen …………….……………………………………………. 24
3.5.3. Aggregates …………….………………………………………... 25
3.6. Sampling Size …………….……………………………………………. 25
3.7. Laboratory Test ………………………………………………………… 25
3.7.1. Aggregate Selection and Evaluation …………………………. 26
3.7.2. Bitumen Evaluation …………………………..............................28
3.7.3. Sample Preparation (Including Compaction) ……................. 29
3.7.4. Compaction with Marshall Hammer ………………................. 30
3.7.5. Marshall Stability and Flow Test ……………………....................... 30
3.7.6. Density and Air Voids …………………………........................ 31
3.7.7. Selection of Optimum Binder Content ……………................. 32
CHAPTER 4.Labratory Test Result and Discussion...…………………….. 34
4.1. Aggregate Selection …………………………………………………… 34
4.1.1. Determine Aggregate Physical Properties ………................. 34
4.1.2. Determination of Gradation and Size ………............................... 35
4.2. Bitumen Test Result …………………………………………………… 39
4.3. Marshall Properties …………………………………………………… 39
4.3.1. First Trial Test result ………................................................... 39
4.3.2. Second Trial Test result ……............................................. 41
4.3.3. Third Trial Test result ……................................................. …43
4.3.4. Marshall Property at OBC…….......................................... ….45
4.4. Discussion…………………….......................................................... 46
4.4.1. Effect of Filler Type and Content on OBC…………................46
4.4.2. Effect of Filler Type and Content on Air Void ........................ 47
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Comparative laboratory study on Fly Ash and Wood Ash as a filler material in

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4.4.3. Effect of Filler Type and Content on VMA.............................. 48
4.4.4. Effect of Filler Type and Content on VFA .............................. 49
4.4.5. Effect of Filler Type and Content on Bulk Density................... 51
4.4.6. Effect of Filler Type and Content on Stability......................... 51
4.4.7. Effect of Filler Type and Content on Flow.............................. 52
4.4.8. Economic Evaluation ............................................................. 53
CHAPTER 5.Conclusion and Recommendation...…………………………. 58
5.1. Conclusion……………………........................................................... 58
5.2. Recommendation……………........................................................... 59
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………... 60
APPENDIX A……………………………………………………………………. 63
APPENDIX B…………………………………………………………………….. 80

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Comparative laboratory study on Fly Ash and Wood Ash as a filler material in

HMA

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AACRA Addis Ababa City Roads Authority
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AC Asphalt Content
ACV Aggregate Crushing Value
ASTM America Society for Testing and Materials
CBR California Bearing Ratio
CMA Cold Mix Asphalt
D10 Particle size at 10 percent passing
D30 Particle size at 30 percent passing
D60 Particle size at 60 percent passing
ERA Ethiopian Road Authority
ERCC Ethiopian Road Construction Corporation
Gmb Bulk specific gravity of the compacted mix
Gmm Maximum theoretical specific gravity of the mixture
HMA Hot Mix Asphalt
LAA Los Angles Abrasion
MDD Maximum Dry Density
NP Non Plastic
OBC Optimum Binder Content
OFC Optimum Filler Content
OMC Optimum Moisture Content
PG Penetration Grade
SG Specific Gravity
SGC Superpave Gyratory Compactor
SMA Stone Matrix Asphalt
SP Softening Point
SSD Saturated Surface Dry
TMD Theoretical Maximum Density
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Comparative laboratory study on Fly Ash and Wood Ash as a filler material in

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Va Air Void
VFA Voids Filled with Asphalt
VMA Voids in the Mineral Aggregate
Vv Volume of Void
WMA Warm Mix Asphalt

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Comparative laboratory study on Fly Ash and Wood Ash as a filler material in

HMA

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE

1. Aggregate Physical Properties ……………….………………………….......34
2. Aggregate Gradation…………….………………………………………….....35
3. Aggregate Blending Trial No. 3 …………….…..…………………………….36
4. Total Weight of Mass Required to Mould Single Specimen (Trial #1)........37
5. Bitumen Test Result……………………………………………. ……………..39
6 .Marshall Test Result Trial #1(Crushed Basaltic Rock)...………………… 39
7 .Marshall Test Result Trial #1(Fly Ash)……………………………………… 40
8. Marshall Test Result Trial #1(Wood Ash)……...………………….. ………40
9. Marshall Test Result at OBC (Trial #1)……………….….. …………………41
10. Total Weight of Mass Required to Mould Single Specimen (Trial #2)......41
11. Marshall Test Result Trial #2 (Fly Ash)…………………………………… 42
12. Marshall Test Result Trial #2(Wood Ash)…............................................ 42
13. Marshall Test Result at OBC (Trial #2)……………….….. ………………43
14. Total Weight of Mass Required to Mould Single Specimen (Trial #3)......43
15. Marshall Test Result Trial #3 (Fly Ash)…………………………………… 44
16. Marshall Test Result Trial #3(Wood Ash)…............................................ 44
17Marshall Test Result at OBC (Trial #3)……………….….. …………………45
18. Marshall Test Result of Bituminous Mixes at OBC……………………....45

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