OpenGL SuperBible: Comprehensive Tutorial and Reference

853 Pages·2013·89.183 MB·English

by  Graham Sellers, Richard S. Wright, Nicholas Haemel

ptg11539634
OpenGL
®
SuperBible
Sixth Edition
ptg11539634
OpenGL Series
from Addison-Wesley
ptg11539634
Visit informit.com/opengl for a complete list of available products.
The OpenGL graphics system is a software interface to graphics hardware.
(“GL” stands for “Graphics Library”.) It allows you to create interactive programs
that produce color images of moving, three-dimensional objects. With OpenGL,
you can control computer-graphics technology to produce realistic pictures, or
ones that depart from reality in imaginative ways.
The OpenGL Series from Addison-Wesley Professional comprises tutorial and
reference books that help programmers gain a practical understanding of OpenGL
standards, along with the insight needed to unlock OpenGL’s full potential.
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OpenGL
®
SuperBible
Sixth Edition
Comprehensive Tutorial
ptg11539634
and Reference
Graham Sellers
Richard S. Wright, Jr.
Nicholas Haemel
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OpenGLsuperBible:comprehensivetutorialandreference.—Sixthedition/
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GrahamSellers,RichardS.Wright,Jr.,NicholasHaemel.
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ISBN-13:978-0-321-90294-8(pbk.:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-321-90294-7(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.Computergraphics.2.OpenGL. I.Sellers,Graham,author.II.Haemel, EditorialAssistant
Nicholas,author.III.Title. OliviaBasegio
T385.W7282013
006.6’8—dc23
Compositor
2013016852
LaurelTech
Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
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For my family and my friends.
For those from whom I have learned.
For people who love to learn.
—Graham Sellers
For my wife LeeAnne,
for not killing me in my sleep
(when I deserved it).
To the memory of Richard S. Wright, Sr.
Thanks, Dad, for just letting me be a nerd.
—Richard S. Wright, Jr.
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For my wife, Anna,
who has put up with all my engineering nonsense all these
years and provided undying love and support.
And to my parents for providing me with encouragement and
more LEGOs than I could get both arms around.
—Nicholas Haemel
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Contents
Figures xv
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Tables xxiii
Listings xxv
Foreword xxxiii
Preface xxxv
AboutThisBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv
TheArchitectureoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvi
What’sNewinThisEdition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxviii
HowtoBuildtheSamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix
Errata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xl
Acknowledgments xli
About the Authors xlv
I Foundations 1
1 Introduction 3
OpenGLandtheGraphicsPipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
TheOriginsandEvolutionofOpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CoreProfileOpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Primitives,Pipelines,andPixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
vii
2 Our First OpenGL Program 13
CreatingaSimpleApplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
UsingShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
DrawingOurFirstTriangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3 Following the Pipeline 27
PassingDatatotheVertexShader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
VertexAttributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
PassingDatafromStagetoStage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
InterfaceBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Tessellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
TessellationControlShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
TheTessellationEngine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
TessellationEvaluationShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
GeometryShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
PrimitiveAssembly,Clipping,andRasterization . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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Clipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
ViewportTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Culling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Rasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
FragmentShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
FramebufferOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
PixelOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ComputeShaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4 Math for 3D Graphics 49
IsThistheDreadedMathChapter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ACrashCoursein3DGraphicsMath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Vectors,orWhichWayIsWhich? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
CommonVectorOperators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
MatrixConstructionandOperators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
UnderstandingTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
CoordinateSpacesinOpenGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
CoordinateTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
ConcatenatingTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Quaternions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
TheModel-ViewTransform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
ProjectionTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
viii Contents
Interpolation,Lines,Curves,andSplines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5 Data 91
Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
AllocatingMemoryusingBuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
FillingandCopyingDatainBuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
FeedingVertexShadersfromBuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Uniforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
DefaultBlockUniforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
UniformBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
UsingUniformstoTransformGeometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
ShaderStorageBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
SynchronizingAccesstoMemory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
AtomicCounters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
SynchronizingAccesstoAtomicCounters . . . . . . . . . . . 137 ptg11539634
Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
CreatingandInitializingTextures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
TextureTargetsandTypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
ReadingfromTexturesinShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
LoadingTexturesfromFiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
ControllingHowTextureDataIsRead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
ArrayTextures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
WritingtoTexturesinShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
SynchronizingAccesstoImages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
TextureCompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
TextureViews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6 Shaders and Programs 187
LanguageOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
DataTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Built-InFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Compiling,Linking,andExaminingPrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
GettingInformationfromtheCompiler . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
GettingInformationfromtheLinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
SeparatePrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
ShaderSubroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
ProgramBinaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Contents ix