Open innovation : a new paradigm in science and technology

0.83 MB·English

by  Chakraborty, Tushar

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Erx:pagation

Open Innovation: A New Paradigm in Science and Technology

Seer anc eee soos
‘ied mt kp fom cron ed from fools
Tots Dryden

Science is nat as oper and unguarded as the common
manassumes tobe, Both openness and secrecy inone
form'ot another temas associned with seience,
‘wherever or whenever itis practiced, Science is thus
att open pail serel adv Thiv fe one oF the
Tindamedial oncadictions i science. ine recent
upsurge of open inrevation aad open abeesstoseterze
mesures pa yatrestie ise profle

[But why this duality ofopennessand oeroey gots into
mich Eigand complicated isis. “Rersis
perheps ne single answer tot. Looking back atte
5rigin, aneseol of thought sugweststhat fhe sions:
volved fret magic, and tus secreey was hallmark
Iiprolo-scienceaetvibies Phey san perhaps that
i being continued. The history of pe
Iodern science related activities, ane cultal
tilieus that Sreu such activites, noth in Kast and
‘West, Bears ample testitanies ia Uss eonespt But
hhawtbout modernsciense

‘We all know tha: modora Ssicnoe exelted openness 3s
bone fits mos: ehcrched inbinsieand sssetal quali
While defining cihes of mods seisnee Robert

Merion relerl cemmunisns, ar comonan sharing.
Bur, apponerts

sverything, one af is central axion
argue, that in7eal of actual practice, this sting isnot
AU all universal in ssiones. Indeed. Mertenian
“eornmunistr” and other ethos cf scionee Targa

rerraunee asam dca} si0% In Sa

tb anypraccce1Fig, 1). ene, one ea
Surely ase the question. what
onstiutes apentess in science i 1c
‘Wowld today, and what encourages ts

Fig 1-Raleu King Mevton 19102005)

vecrecy: the dark side of science

Although, tres and open exerange of ideas. ave
‘nvcally Held ac sacred hy almost every sciewiie
and Sience insiavions in the ward, tO poet thelr
own interest scenery gots sal seton by the
vary same iastingions. In practice, serety” and
opesness ave so intenigited fm scene nit we etn

Tushar Chakraborty

asi call scorecy ~ che inseyanatle dik side
fe, Atleast impetus of secrecy we eamreeogmize
2avily, Weill inode: hem tity, toby ore

Firsts, che movlern science is a highly competitive
same, Winning eas aame, and ta slay ead of ers
‘ery imporant in simostal cial practice, ence,
Inthodesireta protottheirown interest andto ins ale
‘hem from ths nsk 0° competition pracitoners of
science of'en withheld ita infomation regarding
their discovery or insovation, Thus, competition
broslsnceree

The ssconé factor conttibuing to scerecy in seience is
the ‘sommoditization of science. Ideally. only
Imvontion noods to be prtacied but discovery and
inravatian aro sipposad to bo oF open acces foal
Bir, asupscroam and davnstcam activity to vention

discovery al inuosatious too are usally protected
anid gianded hesvly in science, Wherever —-ndusiys
involved in score, of ias interest is deliverables
this is rule, rather than the exception. Even
Knowledge fioi open public domain ot -ralitoral
Knowledge domatt is oten gets misappropriated by
ests thai pats UR Tos (ey being
se laws} Thus, pennies els beating!

The thine Fast promoving sensi sion ones ram

the side ofthe government Dae Petree Meymisan

Fig, 2), the Devin senaur in US Congress once

seid, an inspection of

nent classified

1993 nS leds

an ollie count af mare than

66 mon secrets, of which

rly 15 percent i rolled to

fawn” eseruy” saiutes! The
United States Gevernment

not alone inthis gems All stae

power throughout the world

Meyaihan

et the

fee

Ree ae ebay neal cost ef this ras

te keer dnformation Fra the
Ametican peopl is relly “eloguing up" open dchates

Seilechange of itormacion tani sats
evel fr dencocrcy fo work, We know = openness
ese fo clence oe well One enscn wy Fp
ould inst USin i tnnovatn game pega
2th century technology war f= Inpans miieuizsd
Baakst of pavement cers, Compared tn apan
Pr pagation

A Jwmalot

13

hepl their state protected secrets i€ animal and
Mtive

This experience is vital. A rin focus of se ence and
tcchnoibey studies is 10 unravel is meshanist. lt
sloing so highly ganized eurentscience m advanced
nations fave been often deseribec by mary as a tiple
Ilix, where Academy, Industey and Governmte

Interinugle with one other. AS bath Industry an
Govetnne norsully promote secrecy - unless open
aveess js prortized ~ ih ho et, ple helig melt
{ypieally Gelorseisnee. The rise and fall af lap id
innovation pane relloets he shoe fn achievements
DU tripe bel x and is Inger decline, The analysts
believe ht theshipeishatereiestaf ple heli ali
Ut util ume and sn stints nay

Globalization: Resurgence of Openness

Although bariersto opanness exist, serence often ties
to wausezad those berries, The ent globalization, in
ecrtainserse, impraved tie ehanees ‘of such
transcendence. Such macro evel adjusnient between
globalization aad openness exist, and Riso secret It
¥ lanwely a corporate cultare driven change, which
Uectly undermines sete — apparatus, To this sense,
tlokalization ean be seen ax an sper inkia ive
tega seule, Open innevation #8 ts buzesord which
tapiures and expresses this tarsi on, Trasilion Foon
Tocal to glove, rational to interntioral is ils zo,
However, micro level operaives af globalzition are
not so visible. The world today 1 complex, uncertain
and dynam. fs in eonstat Mus. The hey survival
Strategy inchis workin is taimovateandetange,

will takoa vory brief leuk ere at few such agendas
ov openness initiative

Open Innovation Modet

Hen Chesbro:gh of Haas School of busitess in 2008
Tas publishes a book ented, Opon Inngsation: "he
hese imperatives toe ereativity ane peeling. frm

Technolagy’ which exposes. how the game o>

inmovation bas changed fs this new global en. (he
‘comaanies thet dou iyate are destined fr death ir
Uhisers. Ir one sense, this isthe crs ef the male it $0
called Knowledge Beonomy” (Fig 3,

The inravatinn tla has taken a new wre within the
comorate B&D lahorstries The essence ofyuek RAD.
practice used to be the contralfed em ronment. That
tenirled environment idelized the real ord a
tmucro level, by averaging out vacations avd local
aiserepaneies criing’ from the microuchorts, end

Lal
J
a

OPEN

Business Models

\
|

Fig. 3 tery Chesbrough

indivicualidomttios. The goal of today’s insovation is
To become focal and personalized, Cilabalizationtodey
is cliferent rom all Srevious globalieatio in colonial
23-1 this inward joumey. The IC (Information and
Communication Teehutsltgy) fas provided the reine
{6 capture enotmous amount of data, and uo anvale
privacy in way, whieh was hitherto unthincable. Vo
ope with this new challenge — the fs eae IPR
br the Inellenis| properly rights boing changed to
take Setsrimpents in te new econoinie landseepe
Tihs, laws of eopstiat previously applicable ler only
lterary ves ses as bok, suo items suet a
music, tapes, record es are nan extcilelta so ovate
sand integrated eeu. he pater laws in USA were
granted 1o the first to discover. st the first to fi
previonsly “his tury ass fo genesate numerous
{conn case oF law suits, New a lebate hos stare
‘whsther patents shoule be issued co the est 9 fl,
‘which sthepracice in thezestof te world

1s this reformative nod in US IPR arena sys holizing
‘decline US ionovation edge" And if se. he ae
impetus of open innovation Farsdiga: may. not be
Simply isso gale deserai7 ne snd anv esizing
luge, Rather there may be shiklen fete ini te
jnvaie and captors imovation coming out of emerei'e
economis suchas Chingar fia

Science for Science's Sake

The overall situation ithe western world regerding
science and society iat proscatullery confusing. The
transition trun induseta capalism to knowlde
bese ceonoaly al eamporate mezesntilims tas creed
‘his surky atmosphere. Ril ofthe game in seience
ardccclnolagy is changing. Publication usiness-cne
ff the important pillars oT sciemifie entepess his
heady ieleraulized the message and sigasling (as
transition, The old adage of sence fr a
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Pr pagation

A foun of cients Commun

1s: lenger valid to them, For lst two decades, po
Towern eres relentlessly tied ta pt seetce it &
Social conser Kowever, thelr eos were lagely in
‘ain. Suddenly aftec the great depress tthe? this
hss now bosoms accepted as theman sic ideale
Natural Scones, Biolnaieel Science, malhettatics, and
sucialseionee were never as close ast ody Even
Special ed scientific jnetal ee rs carrying speci
Setions on sosictal Issues Publication and. main
policy will undenra forter reform tt gorning days Te
Fish teve:paliieal appointees fron) the goverment
ani rom te corporste sgencies wil be the Farber
Ol this new approach, Yau ill ee epeaness in thet
dnd thet wal peteolsc to the rank ahd Tie SILMIN!
(Science, Technology, ‘Foginesting, ‘Mesicite and
Managesnen} personel

Biotechnology: US and the Rest

fave agree that Innovation ieasocinted molto the
parol sconomy whichis ast roving. luuristic ind 8
Sourse of wealth and power then Bioechnalagy isthe
legieal eonreofthis new age novation, Critsd Sites
isthe big pleyer in tis art sce ils inception. We ean
solely state - Tre empize ob technulogy ist mere oF
Tes 1S smpite, The tiple helix model al ueademy —
industry ~ government tsipartie, twee sien,
intotovining wollaboraien anis isthe. damian
manger model it US led botechnolagy incusty.

Bio power and bi polilies however has atractod the
intellecivals of all hues and esious, be thoy be Res
Gieoa, Yellow a Salfzun. Almost everyone as a <a
“onthis, However, very few actually recoprizchew US
hag build-up cis bowch empire. itd States is
Tinique in “ts public spending, of health, whore
molecular bology and bloteimolagy vets priorities
shordy afer Word War sas over Actual y US
tend this sxanuh of scence ane techno opy wih =
Teng ts vniwn. The U-S. alloca snore fans on
Incl research, e5 a faction of its gress domestic
cic han any other nation, And afage faction
This funy promotes ite ever growing the B ots
udenvinim Tre relative finding in engineering.
hetnistry. of physies follows quite 4 diem
trujectery in LS. Actua y other westem counties, ane
Japan or Korea ave in tat period a Toeated a higher
Tielion of their GDP doveted. 19 physica ane
eapiteriny sciences compared to Arienic, The Stark
Uiference Was almest quainanve. The oickstop of
teeline ie US industry wus created by this Policy
Vshctepluateceutiesl eseurey and mamaeraros
becupied thecentre stage in US tiotee venture

Due wo rel progress. as well a prize and propaga
public opinion in US ropanding hicechnsiagy is very

sitferent, compared te the rest of the sold, ‘This
tereaes a pseuda-spen envionment sil ambience ir
US on around modem biology ard biotechnology. A
secsiom ofthe conserve puliiians know this inside
story ~ an some of the were sciune epponent of
this pote om religivus and moral ground. They were
anadyed footy these progrovs and lack af et pri
Fombiowacinology basa incusties,

Biotech India: OSDD or the Triple Helix
Model?

[A sirable section in Biotechnology ‘nausry in Indi
‘yantec copy the US bio eehnolegy mov, lock

Stock and Dattel. Currently. ths section 1s leading
Biorcch sector in India ta te lorgt rus. hose tar ths
iitatign eau yo and what ean deliver tn the pi
wouly Hine wil wll The pen source dug discs)
(OSDN} mode, Focussing on 1B snd other nested
dAicense sone exception inthe ovarallsesasric This
‘a madel, son open ionavation, OSDD isa C8
Ted tean fadia cameo with a poh pavers
Is vision is to provide aorda © healtheare using
‘gobal pletfor where ‘he hest minds ean a faborate
& collectively endewsour wo salve the. comples
psablems associate th discovering nove! theapies
for nealeciee.Iropreal eiseases lke malatia,
Iuberwalons, leishmaniasis another disease. [ns
oncepl io" colaboraively"agreyate the public
fltabase on biological and genetis nf abo This
‘may provide 1 sigus opportunity “or seicatss,
doctors technoeras, gudans and ocr: with d verse
‘expertiseto work foracamisoa 2s,

‘The recent suecess of open sures, models in
Information Techno of (For oe. Wb Tee nolo
The Linux Operating System) anc some
Biotechnology (in Humay Genome Projcely seers
‘highlshis the urgent nest tomiiatea similar ned
bbealtheae,Hener laysthe genesis of ths open Source
sndel brurugiscorery (Fig)

csIR Wes f

INDIA

S18, pramorer oF OSDD atizing, Genome
Ialnaon

The Goverrment of India hss commitied Rs. 150
crores (USS3N Til on) towards this projec. A
yuivalent umount cf fing wuld be ‘aised eon
inmematiril agencies and paliantixopisis About
Rei ctores (USSI2 milion) Ins beet lvady
relossody the Goverment af iis
Pr: pagation

‘Journal of Seeace Cnmanieston

{Whit model will dominate the Iadian: biuechmolagy
Ttate - tho Triple ~ slic model or OSDD an
idosided, open sue,

Conclusion:

Secresy in seiexce squnds enigmatic, sinister and
Alarm. Yet, ation of ssorecy iva reality in Ue very
tiomain of seience. Seierttc spirit as relected in
fopenress af science seriusy detecoisted under late
ge Indust capialism, ie t9 such operlion
hiulilbyered. secrecy. This created. tensios, and
hsemed ‘he scientific intayrity, Num, we have uth
shhnce and the necessity to ele thie milieu, Let us
hoot Tonget that the organized scientific estiity is
Dothing: but a visible or inv-sible teamwork e9
understand nau whieh ean est perfor ann 2
‘pen plato

15

References

1

tribe to John D-ycen (1631-1700) i Famos
restoration era comedy Sir Maren Mar_or The
TFelaned lancer fist peered n 1607,
fon Molicr's Fon
RobertK Mertoninthe Normetives
Science 3).
Henry Forkesity & 1 Le Eas (1997)
Universities in The Globa. Knowslge Reon
A fp lis of Universiy—ineisry- govern
Henry Chestsough in Open Innovation: The New
Imperarive. for Creat anc) pretiting om
“Technology 2003),
(Open Sones Drug Dis
oe at"
[Nbristssnupyis ofthis article was fst prscated
ath 27th Anmuol Convention of the Sociely or
Information Seierse& Confersnce cn) Open
Access Cstewsny to Dpen Innovition, sek fom
November 24-26, 2014at Kata

trent

very Network of CSIK,

De Tushar Chabraborty is» \ulecula Biologist and ience writer He ia onsets atthe Inian

Tosuiuteat Chemica Haines (CSIR a Koa

katy ashe