Open Channel Hydraulics, River Hydraulic Structures and Fluvial Geomorphology: For Engineers, Geomorphologists and Physical Geographers

517 Pages·2017·21.84 MB·English

by  Stefano Pagliara

Open Channel Hydraulics,
River Hydraulic Structures and
Fluvial Geomorphology
For Engineers, Geomorphologists and
Physical Geographers

Open Channel Hydraulics,
River Hydraulic Structures and
Fluvial Geomorphology
For Engineers, Geomorphologists and
Physical Geographers
Editors
Artur Radecki-Pawlik
Institute of Structural Mechanics
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Cracow University of Technology
Previously employed in:
Department of Hydraulics Engineering and Geotechnic
University of Agriculture in Krakow
Poland
Stefano Pagliara
DESTEC – Department of Energy, Engineering,
Systems, Land and Construction
University of Pisa
Italy
Jan Hradecký
Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology
Faculty of Science
University of Ostrava
Czech Republic
Associate Editor
Erik Hendrickson
Large Lakes Observatory (LLO)
University of Minnesota-Duluth
USA
p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
Cover Illustrations
Background Image: The Tara River in Montenegro—picture taken by Artur Radecki-Pawlik (editor of the book)
Top image: Peterka type of ramp hydraulic structure on the Lubenka River in Southern Poland—Reproduced by
kind courtesy of Karol Plesinski (author of Chapter 5)
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Title: Mesoporous materials for advanced energy storage and conversion
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Subjects: LCSH: Electric batteries--Materials. | Fuel cells--Materials. |
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Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. |
Series: A science publishers book | Includes bibliographical references
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Identifiers: LCCN 2016042509| ISBN 9781498747998 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781498748018 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric batteries--Materials. | Fuel cells--Materials. |
Solar cells--Materials. | Mesoporous materials.
Classification: LCC TK2901 .M47 2017 | DDC 621.31/24240284--dc23
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Preface
One day, I was sitting in my office after giving a lecture to students for a course
called “Integrated Watershed Management” I thought we have taught this course at
the University of Agriculture in Cracow at the Environmental Faculty facility for our
students and others from Erasmus for many years, but we do not have many teaching
materials available for it. Also, we teach many other water resource courses about rivers,
hydraulics, and fluvial processes; I was struck by the thought that maybe we could create
a useful teaching material for our students by compiling information from all of these
different water resource subjects at one place. While rivers are attractive and important
enough by themselves, the question remained for me: How do we improve the materials
for the course? Can we provide students with good informational material for a range
of topics that would help me and other teachers/professors? I was then struck by another
thought and a clear idea formed in my head: I need a good, well-written, and nicely
presented textbook from very skilled specialists in water resource subjects from all over
the world who have experience working in river catchments. I also wanted specialists
who are as passionate, enthusiastic, and enjoy rivers and streams as much as I do. In
the next couple of days following my new idea, I flew to Pisa, Italy (thankfully we
have direct flights between Cracow and Pisa), where I met my colleague Stefano and
told him about the textbook idea focused on streams, rivers, basics of hydraulics and
fluvial geomorphology, river engineering, watershed management and other useful water
resources subjects. Stefano liked the idea and the two of us decided we needed a good
fluvial geomorphologist on board, so we called Jan (in Czech his name is Honza) from
Ostrava, Czech Republic. Jan, as a dean of faculty and a very good professional in his
field, immediately appreciated our idea about the textbook and agreed to work with us.
Whilst identifying chapter authors we decided we needed a good professional
language editor to work with us, a native speaker but familiar with this field. It was a
difficult task to find somebody like this but then I remembered that during one of courses
we run in Czorsztyn, Poland for students from the University of Wisconsin–Stevens
Point (our close friends from the United States, who have visited Poland for two week
periods every summer for over 25 years), I had met Erik Hendrickson. I simply asked
Erik for help, and after a short conversation, he agreed to help. He was a very big help!
Thanks, Erik!
Anyway—as I said—we need a good textbook on rivers, fluvial geomorphology,
river engineering and hydraulics for our European students, but also for teachers and
professors. Also, we hope the students we teach from the University of Wisconsin–
Stevens Point will be happy with our input—in addition to students from other
continents. We have needed a nice, professional textbook as a valuable tool for all who
vi Open Channel Hydraulics, River Hydraulic Structures and Fluvial Geomorphology
want to understand water issues and problems. Now you know how this book began,
and now, fortunately, this book is in your hands!
We invited brilliant specialists from around the world to work on this book. Nearly
all continents are represented by these specialists here in this book. The people who
contributed are world famous specialists in river-related problems, are enthusiastic and,
very professional. Thank you, friends, for giving your time and for doing your best for
our students, teachers, professors, and for the future of rivers.
So, finally, we have a product which is directed to fluvial geomorphologists,
hydraulic and river engineers, physical geographers, geophysicists, and water resource
managers. We hope you appreciate the subjects in this book and that the book is useful
for you.
Once more, thank you to all the people who were involved in preparing this book.
It is ready for classes, students, professors, and teachers. I believe we have created a
very good textbook. So please, have fun and enjoy becoming a professional working
with rivers, hydraulics, and in general, water resources.
Artur Radecki-Pawlik
Stefano Pagliara
Jan Hradecký
Erik Hendrickson
Contents
Preface v
1. Principles of Hydraulics of Open Channels 1
Stefano Pagliara and Michele Palermo
2. Hydraulics of Selected Hydraulic Structures 25
Hubert Chanson and Stefan Felder
3. Weir Classifications 47
Blake P. Tullis
4. Hydrodynamics of River Structures Constructed with 56
Natural Materials
Kohji Michioku
5. Block Ramps: A Field Example 82
Karol Plesinski and Artur Radecki-Pawlik
6. Hydraulic Calculations for Fish Passes 98
Mokwa Marian and Tymiński Tomasz
7. River Embankments 133
Magdalena Borys, Eugeniusz Zawisza, Andrzej Gruchot and
Krzysztof Chmielowski
8. Basics of River Flow Modelling 168
Tomasz Dysarz
9. Bed Shear Stresses and Bed Shear Velocities: 180
ubiquitous Variables in River Hydraulics
Magdalena M. Mrokowska and Paweł M. Rowiński
10. Gene Expression Programming in Open Channel Hydraulics 196
Ahmed M. Abdel Sattar and Bahram Gharabaghi
11. Basics of Hydrology for Streams and Rivers 212
Agnieszka Cupak and Andrzej Wałęga
12.Selected Principles of Fluvial Geomorphology 241
Jan Hradecký and Václav Škarpich
13.On Measurements of Fluvial Geomorphology Parameters 259
in the Field
Václav Škarpich
viii Open Channel Hydraulics, River Hydraulic Structures and Fluvial Geomorphology
14. Geomorphology and Hydraulics of Steep Mountain Channels 269
Tomáš Galia
15. Slope Stability – Basic Information 280
Tymoteusz Zydroń, Anna Bucała-Hrabia, Andrzej T. Gruchot and Veronika
Kapustova
16. Changes of Mountain River Channels and Their Environmental 303
Effects
Elżbieta Gorczyca, Kazimierz Krzemień, Maciej Liro and Mateusz Sobucki
17. Sediment Transport and Channel Morphology: Implications 322
for Fish Habitat
Marwan A. Hassan, Carles Ferrer-Boix, Piotr Cienciala and
Shawn Chartrand
18.Understanding the Past of Rivers: Reading the History of Rivers 349
from Documents and Maps
Francisco da Silva Costa, António Avelino Batista Vieira and
António José Bento Gonçalves
19. Sediment Yield in Different Scales in a Semiarid Basin: The Case 375
of the Jaguaribe River, Brazil
José Carlos de Araújo, Everton Alves Rodrigues Pinheiro,
Pedro Henrique Augusto Medeiros, José Vidal de Figueiredo
and Axel Bronstert
20. Application of Remote Sensing and the GIS in Interpretation of 388
River Geomorphic Response to Floods
Milan Lehotský, Miloš Rusnák and Anna Kidová
21. Human Impact on Mountain Streams and Rivers 400
Joanna Korpak
22. Introduction to Floods: Analysis and Modelling 436
Fabian Rivera-Trejo, Juan Barajas-Fernández, Gabriel Soto-Cortés
and Alejandro Mendoza-Reséndiz
23.Mountain Slopes Protection and Stabilization after Forest Fires 452
in Mediterranean Areas: Research Developed in Mountain
Areas in Portugal
António Avelino Batista Vieira, António José Bento Gonçalves,
Francisco da Silva Costa, Luís Miguel da Vinha and
Flora Carina Ferreira Leite
24. Ecohydrological Measures for Sustainable Catchment 477
Management—An Outline
Maciej Zalewski
Index 507
CHAPTER 1
Principles of Hydraulics of
Open Channels
Stefano Pagliara* and Michele Palermo
IntroductIon
Open channel flow can be classified according to the characteristics of the channel.
Namely, open channel flow can occur both in natural streams and rivers and in artificial
channels, such as drainage channel systems, sewer pipes, concrete/earth channels,
etc. According to the geometry of the channel, the water discharge can flow either in
prismatic channels (generally characterized by a constant transversal cross-section
geometry and longitudinal slope) or in non-prismatic channels (natural streams or rivers,
in which both the transversal cross-section geometry and longitudinal bed slope vary).
Furthermore, channel bed characteristics also contribute to distinguish the open channel
flows, due to the roughness conditions and erosive process, which can contribute to the
modification of the channel geometry. In other words, the channel bed can be smooth,
rough, erodible, fixed, etc. Therefore, the flow characteristics modify accordingly.
In general, two main distinctions can be done according to the flow characteristics
variation with time and along the channel (Chow 1959; Citrini and Noseda 1987; De
Marchi 1986; Henderson 1966). Considering the flow characteristics along the channel,
uniform flow conditions (UF) occur when the discharge Q, the water depth y and the
average flow velocity u at every cross-section do not vary. Namely, at the generic cross-
section (located at the longitudinal distance x respect to a selected reference system),
the following conditions should be verified:
∂y ∂Q ∂u
= = =0 (1)
∂x ∂x ∂x
These analytical conditions occur only when the cross-section geometry do not
vary. Therefore, if the water depth is constant, from Eq. (1) it can be easily deduced
that the free surface should be parallel to the channel bed (see Fig. 1).
DESTEC – Department of Energy, Engineering, Systems, Land and Construction, University of Pisa,
Via Gabba 22, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
E-mail: [email protected]
*Corresponding author: [email protected]