one, chronologically arranged, word-searchable, pdf

380 Pages·2015·2.48 MB·English

A CHRONOLOGICAL & SINGLE DOCUMENT
REFERENCE TOOL:

FOR PSE’s (Physicians, Scientists & Engineers’s)
HEALTY ENERGY CITATION DATABASE
ON SHALE GAS & TIGHT OIL DEVELOPMENTS

By Will Koop,
B.C. Tap Water Alliance
(www.bctwa.org / www.bctwa.org/FrackingBC.html )

Version 1.0, March 10, 2015
(Citations accessed by PSE up to March 3, 2015)

Image from: http://psehealthyenergy.org/site/view/1233
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FOREWORD

The creation of this document, A Chronological & Single Document Reference Tool, stemmed from
a reading of PSE’s (Physicians, Scientists & Engineers’) December 2014 document, Towards an
understanding of the environmental and public health impacts of shale gas development: and
analysis of the peer-reviewed scientific literature, 2009-2014. The idea arose: What if all of PSE’s
Zotero-powered library of peer-reviewed literature citations was collected, re-formatted, and re-
organized into a single, word-searchable document, wouldn’t such a document become even more
useful, more powerful?

Almost all of the citations in this new reference tool include abstracts. Where some citations in
PSE’s database lacked abstracts, quotes were extracted from citation texts available on the internet
to fill in this overview or summary gap. Almost all of the dates for each publication, organized in
chronological order (most recent to oldest) represent the epub (electronic or on-line publication)
date, almost all of which were double-checked for verification on-line. All the 12 categories or
themes ascribed to each publication in PSE’s library – air quality, climate, community, ecology,
economics, general, health, regulation, seismicity, waste/fluids, water quality, and water usage –
were also included to accompany each citation date within rectangular parentheses (square
brackets).

This document tool will be updated either monthly, or bi-monthly, with the revised date and version
noted on this document’s cover page. Everything else will be updated as well, including the (as yet)
four-page list of journals, periodicals, etc., found at the beginning of this document, where the
number of citations for each, tabulated from PSE’s database, are included for statistical purposes.

We thank all of the PSE folk for their incredible work toward the maintenance of an indispensible
website, particularly as it relates to the creation of this hammer tool for PSE’s on-line toolkit.

I include the following lengthy quotes from Towards an understanding of the environmental and
public health impacts of shale gas development: an analysis of the peer-reviewed scientific
literature, 2009-2014, as the quotes define the scope and describe the purpose of PSE’s database.

Conversations on the negative environmental and public health impacts of shale gas
development continue to play out in the media, in policy discussions, and among the general
public. But what does the science actually say? While research continues to lag behind the
rapid scaling of shale gas development, there has been a surge of peer-reviewed scientific
papers published in recent years. In fact, of all the available scientific peer-reviewed
literature on the impacts of shale gas development, approximately 73% has been published
since January 1, 2013. What this tells us is that the scientific community is only now
beginning to understand the impacts of this industry on the environment and human
populations. Hazards and risks have been identified, but many data gaps still remain.
Importantly, there remains a dearth of quantitative epidemiology that assesses associations
between risk factors and human health outcomes among populations.

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This analysis was conducted using the PSE Study Citation Database (available at:
http://psehealthyenergy.org/site/view/1180). This near exhaustive collection of peer-reviewed
literature on shale gas development was broken into 12 topics that attempt to organize the
studies in a useful and coherent fashion. These topics include air quality, climate, community,
ecology, economics, general (comment/review), health, regulation, seismicity, waste/fluids,
water quality, and water usage. This collection was assembled over several years using a
number of different search strategies, including the following:

 Systematic searches in scientific databases across multiple disciplines: PubMed
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), Web of Science (http://www.webofknowledge.com),
and ScienceDirect (http://www.sciencedirect.com)
 Searches in existing collections of scientific literature on shale gas development, such as the
Marcellus Shale Initiative Publications Database at Bucknell University
(http://www.bucknell.edu/script/environmentalcenter/marcellus), complemented by Google
(http://www.google.com) and Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com)
 Manual searches (hand-searches) of references included in all peer-reviewed studies that
pertained directly to shale gas development.

For bibliographic databases, we used a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)-
based and keyword strategies, which included the following terms, as well as relevant
combinations:

shale gas, shale, hydraulic fracturing, fracking, drilling, natural gas, air pollution,
methane, water pollution, public health, water contamination, fugitive emissions, air
quality, climate, seismicity, waste, fluids, economics, ecology, water usage, regulation,
community, epidemiology, Marcellus, Barnett, Denver-Julesberg Basin, unconventional
gas development, and environmental pathways.

This database and subsequent analysis excluded technical papers on shale gas development
not applicable to determining potential environmental and public health impacts. Examples
include papers on optimal drilling strategies, reservoir evaluations, estimation algorithms of
absorption capacity, patent analysis, and fracture models designed to inform stimulation
techniques. Because this collection is limited to papers subjected to external peer-review in
the scientific community, it does not include government reports, environmental impact
statements, policy briefs, white papers, law review articles, or other grey literature. This
database also does not include studies on coalbed methane, coal seam gas, tar sands or other
forms of fossil fuel extraction (offshore drilling, etc.). [Underline emphasis.]

We have tried to include all literature that meets our criteria in our collection of the peer-
reviewed science, however, it is possible that some papers may have gone undetected. Thus,
we refer to the collection as near exhaustive. We are sure, however, that the most seminal
studies on the public health dimensions of shale gas development in leading scientific
journals are included. The PSE Healthy Energy database has been used and reviewed by
academics and experts throughout the U.S. and internationally and has been subjected to
public and professional scrutiny before and after this analysis. It represents the most
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comprehensive public collection of peer-reviewed scientific literature on shale gas
development in the world and has been accessed by thousands of people. Many of the
publications in this database can be found in a review paper, published in the peer-reviewed
journal, Environmental Health Perspectives, authored by Shonkoff et al. (2014)
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wpcontent/uploads/advpub/2014/4/ehp.1307866.pdf).
The focus of this analysis is, first and foremost, on the primary research on shale gas
development published to date. To that extent we have only included papers that evaluate the
association between shale gas development and environmental and public health impacts. As
such, not all publications in the PSE Healthy Energy database were used in this analysis. We
have not included the following topics in this analysis: climate, community, ecology,
economics, general, regulation, seismicity, waste/fluids, and water usage. We have also not
included all of the papers within the three topics we did include (health, water quality, and air
quality). For instance, with the exception of public health papers, for which there has been
very little primary research, we have excluded commentaries and review articles. We have
also excluded those papers that provide baseline data or address research methods that do
not assess impacts. We have also excluded letters to the editor of scientific journals that
critique a particular study or the subsequent response of the author(s).

We have restricted the studies included in this analysis to those published between 2009 and
2014. The main reason for doing so is that scientific literature on shale gas development did
not appear until around that time. There are some studies in the database on conventional
forms of oil and natural gas development that are relevant to shale gas, but to maintain
greater consistency we have decided to exclude those prior to 2009 from the analysis. …

Again, it is important to note that scientists are only beginning to understand the
environmental and public health impacts of these rapidly expanding industrial practices. Our
analysis represents a survey of the existing science to date in an attempt to determine the
direction in which consensus is headed and to achieve a deeper understanding of the
environmental and public health impacts of this form of energy development. ...

Included in this topic are papers that consider the question of public health in the context of
shale gas development. Of course, research findings in other categories such as air quality
and water quality are relevant to public health, but here we only include those studies that
directly consider the health of individuals and human populations. We considered this topic
and its related categories in both the context of original research and commentaries and
reviews. We only consider research to be original if it measures health outcomes or
complaints (i.e., not health research that attempts to determine perceptions or methods for
future research agendas). The vast majority of these papers indicate the need for additional
study, particularly large-scale, quantitative epidemiologic research.

Will Koop,
Vancouver, British Columbia,
March 10, 2015.

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PSE Library Collection: Journals Cited (to March 3, 2015)

(with total number of peer-reviewed citations for each)

AAPG Bulletin - 1
Abstracts of Papers American Chemical Society - 1
Accident Analysis & Prevention - 1
American Journal of Industrial Medicine - 1
American Journal of Nursing - 1
American Journal of Public Health - 4
Analytical Chemistry - 1
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - 1
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering - 1
Annual Review of Environment and Resources - 1
Applied and Environmental Microbiology - 2
Applied Energy - 2
Applied Geochemistry - 3
Applied Radiation and Isotopes - 1
Aquatic Microbiology - 1
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health - 2
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics - 4
Avian Conservation and Ecology - 1
Biological Conservation - 1
BMJ - 1
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America - 1
Chemosphere - 2
Climatic Change - 4
Clinical Pulmonary Medicine - 1
Computers & Geosciences - 2
Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment - 1
Daedalus - 1
Desalination - 1
Earth and Planetary Science Letters - 1
Earth's Future - 1
Eastern Economic Journal - 1
Ecological Economics - 2
Ecology and Evolution - 1
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene - 2
Elements - 1
Endocrinology - 1
Energy - 3
Energy Economics - 2
Energy Law Journal - 1
Energy Policy - 22
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects - 2
5
Energy Strategy Reviews - 2
Energy Technology - 1
Environmental Development - 1
Environmental Earth Sciences - 6
Environmental Engineering Science - 1
Environmental Health - 1
Environmental Health Perspectives - 10
Environmental Impact Assessment Review - 1
Environmental Management - 4
Environmental Pollution - 2
Environmental Practice - 3
Environmental Research Letters - 6
Environmental Reviews - 1
Environmental Science and Pollution Research International - 1
Environmental Science & Policy - 1
Environmental Science & Technology - 82
Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts - 6
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / SETAC - 2
EOS, Transactions America Geophysical Union - 2
Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine - 1
FEMS Microbiology Ecology - 1
Fisheries - 1
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment - 2
Frontiers in Microbiology - 1
Fuel - 1
Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S - 1
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems - 1
Geology - 1
Geophysical Research Letters - 4
Gesundheitswesen - 1
Groundwater - 10
Health Physics - 1
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal - 3
International Journal of Coal Geology - 8
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health - 1
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health - 1
International Journal of Remote Sensing - 1
ISRN Public Health - 1
Journal of Burn Care & Research - 1
Journal of Cleaner Production - 1
Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education - 1
Journal of Energy Chemistry - 1
Journal of Environmental and Public Health - 1
Journal of Environmental Management - 3
Journal of Environmental Quality - 1
6
Journal of Environmental Psychology - 1
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity - 1
Journal of Environmental Science and Health - 8
Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences - 1
Journal of Geophysical Research - 3
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres - 5
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth - 1
Journal of Hazardous Materials - 3
Journal of Hazardous Waste Materials - 1
Journal of Hydrology - 1
Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies - 1
Journal of Industrial Ecology - 1
Journal of International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation - 1
Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering - 5
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene - 2
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational
and Environmental Medicine - 2
Journal of Pediatric Nursing - 1
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering - 4
Journal of Rural Social Sciences - 6
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association - 9
Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources - 4
Landscape and Urban Planning - 1
Marine and Petroleum Geology - 6
Medical Journal of Australia - 1
Natural Hazards - 1
Nature - 5
Nature Geoscience - 1
New England Journal of Medicine - 1
New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy: NS - 14
Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy - 1
Organization and Environment - 1
Petroleum Exploration and Development - 1
Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics - 1
PLOS ONE - 5
Procedia Earth and Planetary Science - 2
Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences - 1
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) - 18
Public Health - 2
Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.) - 1
Public Relations Review - 1
Public Understanding of Science - 1
Public Understanding of Science (Bristol, England) - 1
Regional Science and Urban Economics - 1
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews - 5
7
Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences - 1
Resource and Energy Economics - 1
Resources, Conservation and Recycling - 1
Resources Policy - 1
Review of Policy Research - 1
Review of Scientific Instruments - 1
Reviews on Environmental Health - 4
Risk Analysis (an Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis) - 1
Rural Sociology - 1
Science - 5
Science and Engineering Ethics - 1
Science of the Total Environment - 9
Society & Natural Resources - 1
South African Medical Journal - 1
Southeastern Naturalist - 1
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - 1
The Electricity Journal - 3
The Extractive Industries and Society - 2
The Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy - 1
The Lancet - 2
The Pennsylvania Nurse - 2
The Scientific World Journal - 1
Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology - 1
United States Environmental Protection Agency - 2
Water - 1
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - 1
Water Research - 1
Water Resources Research - 2
Western Economics Forum - 1
Workplace Health Safety - 1
World Pumps - 1

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March 3, 2015. [Category: Water Quality]

Well water contamination in a rural community in southwestern Pennsylvania near
unconventional shale gas extraction.

 Alawattegama, Shyama K.; Kondratyuk, Tetiana; Krynock, Renee; Bricker, Matthew;
Rutter, Jennifer K.; Bain, Daniel J.; Stolz, John F.
 In: Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Vol. 50, Issue 5, pages 516-518.
 http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/lesa20/current#/doi/full/10.1080/10934529.2015.992684#a
bstract
Abstract: Reports of ground water contamination in a southwestern Pennsylvania
community coincided with unconventional shale gas extraction activities that started late
2009. Residents participated in a survey and well water samples were collected and analyzed.
Available pre-drill and post-drill water test results and legacy operations (e.g., gas and oil
wells, coal mining) were reviewed. Fifty-six of the 143 respondents indicated changes in
water quality or quantity while 63 respondents reported no issues. Color change (brown,
black, or orange) was the most common (27 households). Well type, when known, was rotary
or cable tool, and depths ranged from 19 to 274 m. Chloride, sulfate, nitrate, sodium, calcium,
magnesium, iron, manganese and strontium were commonly found, with 25 households
exceeding the secondary maximum contaminate level (SMCL) for manganese. Methane was
detected in 14 of the 18 houses tested. The 26 wells tested for total coliforms (2 positives) and
E. coli (1 positive) indicated that septic contamination was not a factor. Repeated sampling of
two wells in close proximity (204 m) but drawing from different depths (32 m and 54 m),
revealed temporal variability. Since 2009, 65 horizontal wells were drilled within a 4 km (2.5
mile) radius of the community, each well was stimulated on average with 3.5 million gal of
fluids and 3.2 million lbs of proppant. PA DEP cited violations included an improperly
plugged well and at least one failed well casing. This study underscores the need for thorough
analyses of data, documentation of legacy activity, pre-drill testing, and long term monitoring.

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March 3, 2015. [Category: Waste / Fluids]

Scintillation gamma spectrometer for analysis of hydraulic fracturing waste
products.

 Ying, Leong; O'Conner, Frank; Stolz, John F.
 In: Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Vol. 50, Issue 5, pages 511-515.
 http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/lesa20/current#/doi/full/10.1080/10934529.2015.992682%2
3abstract
Abstract: Flowback and produced wastewaters from unconventional hydraulic fracturing
during oil and gas explorations typically brings to the surface Naturally Occurring
Radioactive Materials (NORM), predominantly radioisotopes from the U238 and Th232
decay chains. Traditionally, radiological sampling are performed by sending collected small
samples for laboratory tests either by radiochemical analysis or measurements by a high-
resolution High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometer. One of the main isotopes of
concern is Ra226 which requires an extended 21-days quantification period to allow for full
secular equilibrium to be established for the alpha counting of its progeny daughter Rn222.
Field trials of a sodium iodide (NaI) scintillation detector offers a more economic solution for
rapid screenings of radiological samples. To achieve the quantification accuracy, this gamma
spectrometer must be efficiency calibrated with known standard sources prior to field
deployments to analyze the radioactivity concentrations in hydraulic fracturing waste
products.

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