Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health

487 Pages·2014·25.25 MB·English

by  Watson, Ronald Ross(Editor);Meester, Fabian De(Editor)

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IN BRAIN AND
NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH
This pageintentionallyleftblank
OMEGA-3 FATTY
ACIDS IN BRAIN AND
NEUROLOGICAL
HEALTH
R R W
ONALD OSS ATSON
UniversityofArizona,ArizonaHealthSciencesCenter,Tucson,AZ,USA
F D M
ABIEN E EESTER
DMFLtdCo.,Belgium
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD
PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO(cid:129)SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
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14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xi 4. Unregulated Lipid Peroxidation in Neurological
List of Contributors xiii Dysfunction
Acknowledgments xvii
MOTOTADASHICHIRI,YASUKAZUYOSHIDAANDETSUONIKI
Introduction 31
LipidOxidationBiomarkersforNeurologicalDysfunction 32
1. Enhanced Longevity and Role of Omega-3
LipidPeroxidationProductsfromLinoleicAcid 32
Fatty Acids LipidPeroxidationProductsfromAA 32
VIJAYKARAMSINGHANDRONALDROSSWATSON NeurologicalDysfunctionAssociatedwithLipidPeroxidation 37
MechanismsofFreeRadicalProductioninNeurological
Introduction 1 Disorders 38
Longevity 1 References 44
FoodRestrictionforEnhancedLongevity 2 AdditionalReferences 51
CalorieRestrictionforLongevity 2
SmokingandReducedLongevity 2
Genetics,aKeyModifierofLongevity 3
5. Obesity, Western Diet Intake,
GeneticDiseasesandLongevity 3
and Cognitive Impairment
Genomics 4
EnvironmentalFactorsandLongevity 4 SCOTTE.KANOSKI,TEDM.HSUANDSTEVENPENNELL
AnimalTestsandLongevity 5
ObesityandCognitiveImpairment 57
Omega-3FattyAcidsandLongevity 5
WesternDietIntakeandCognitiveImpairment 58
References 6
Summary 61
FurtherReading 7
References 61
2. Molecular Gerontology: Principles and
6. Genetic Risk Factors for Diabetic Neuropathy
Perspectives for Interventions
CARMINEGAZZARUSOANDADRIANACOPPOLA
SURESHI.S.RATTAN
Introduction 9 DiabetesMellitusandItsComplications 63
DiabeticNeuropathy:GeneralCharacteristics 63
MolecularBasisofAging 10
RiskFactorsforDiabeticNeuropathyandpathophysiological
Genetics,Post-Genetics,andEpigeneticsofAging 11
AgingInterventions 12 Mechanisms 63
GeneticRiskFactorsforDiabeticNeuropathy 64
Hormetics,Hormesis,andHormetins 14
PotentialUseofGeneticRiskFactorsin
References 15
ClinicalPractice 66
References 67
3. Peroxisomal Pathways, their Role
in Neurodegenerative Disorders
7. n-3 Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators
and Therapeutic Strategies
against Neurological Oxidative Stress
PATRIZIARISE´,RITAPARONIANDANNAPETRONI
and Neuroinflammation
Peroxisomes 19
AKHLAQA.FAROOQUI
PeroxisomalPathologies 23
Leukodystrophies 24 Overview 69
TherapeuticStrategies 25 DHAintheBrain 70
DemyelinationandOtherLeukodystrophies 27 EPA-DerivedLipidMediatorsintheBrain 71
Conclusion 28 Conclusion 78
References 28 References 78
v
vi
CONTENTS
8. The Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids InvolvementofLipids,FattyAcids,andTheirMetabolites
on Quality of Life inPainRegulation 134
FutureProspects 141
ONDINEVANDERESTANDLISETTECPGMDEGROOT
References 142
Introduction 81
AssessmentofQoL 81
CurrentEvidenceonOmega-3FattyAcidsandQoL 82 13. Fish Oil Supplementation Prevents Age-Related
Discussion 83
Memory Decline: Involvement of Nuclear
ConclusionandRecommendations 84
Hormone Receptors
References 84
SERGEALFOS
9. Mammalian Fatty Acid Amides Introduction 147
of the Brain and CNS EffectsofAgingonIncorporationofDocosahexaenoicAcid
inBrainPhospholipids 147
DOMINIKP.WALUK,MATTHEWR.BATTISTINI,DANIELR.DEMPSEY,
EffectsofAgingonDHABiosynthesis 148
EMMAK.FARRELL,KRISTENA.JEFFRIES,PERRYMITCHELL,
DietaryFishOilandPreventionofAge-RelatedMemory
LUCASW.HERNANDEZ,JOSHUAC.MCBRIDE,DAVIDJ.MERKLER
ANDMARYC.HUNT Decline 150
DHAImprovesSynapticPlasticityDuringAging:Involvementof
Introduction 87 RetinoidXReceptorsandPeroxisomeProliferator-Activated
TheRelevanceoftheFattyAcidAmides Receptors 153
toNeurologicalDisease 99 SummaryandConcludingRemarks 155
Acknowledgements 102 References 157
References 102
10. Low Omega-3 Fatty Acids Diet and the Impact 14. Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and
on the Development of Visual Connections Neurological Health with Special Reference
and Critical Periods of Plasticity to Clinical Depression
CLAUDIOALBERTOSERFATYANDPATRICIACOELHODEVELASCO H.M.CHANDOLAANDILATANNA
Introduction 109 Introduction 163
NutritionandtheImpactofOmega-3FattyAcidsonBrain Omega-3FattyAcids 163
Development 109 StatusofOmega-3FattyAcidsinClinical
TheDevelopmentofVisualTopographicalMaps 112 Depression 165
CriticalPeriodsforBrainDevelopment 113 NeurologicalAlterationsinDepression 167
RoleofOmega-3onDevelopmentofCentralVisual PossibleMechanismsforLinksBetweenOmega-3
Connections 114 FattyAcidsandDepression 169
References 117 ImpactofDietonAHN 170
ClinicalTrialsSupportingtheRoleofOmega-3
FattyAcidsinMDD 171
11. The Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty ConversionofALAtoEPAandDHA
Acids on Maternal and Child Mental Health fromFlaxSeedOil 173
ProbableModeofActionofFlaxSeedOil
MICHELLEPRICEJUDGE,ANAFRANCISCADIALLO
inDepression 173
ANDCHERYLTATANOBECK
Conclusion 175
Introduction 121 References 176
TheRoleofOmega-3FattyAcidsinNeurotransmission 121 FurtherReading 179
DHAandMaternalMentalHealth 122
Omega-3FattyAcidsandChildMentalHealth 123
Conclusion 126
15. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation
References 127
for Major Depression with
Chronic Disease
12. Pain as Modified by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
LAURENE.LAWSONANDRONALDROSSWATSON
SHOGOTOKUYAMAANDKAZUONAKAMOTO
Introduction 181
Introduction 131 Omega-3FattyAcids 181
FactorsInvolvedintheSupplyandPhysiologicalFunction Summary 185
ofFattyAcidsintheBrain 132 References 185
vii
CONTENTS
16. The Effectiveness of Fish Oil as a Treatment SubstantiaNigraDopamineCellPopulationsDisplayDifferential
for ADHD VulnerabilitytoLesions 239
RepercussionofEFADeficiencyorSupplementationonMidbrain
MODHIALIS.ALSHAMMARIANDRONALDROSSWATSON
DopaminergicSystems 240
PotentialMechanismsInvolvedinSubstantiaNigraDopamine
AreviewoftheLiterature 187
CellLossInducedbyEFADietaryRestriction 241
Conclusion 193
Acknowledgments 245
References 198
References 245
FurtherReading 199
FurtherReading 249
17. Fatty Acids and the Aging Brain
21. The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
ALYSSABIANCAVELASCOANDZALDYS.TAN in Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Introduction 201 SIMONC.DYALL
PhysiologicBrainAging 202
Introduction 251
FattyAcidsandBrainAging 205
MeasurementofNeurogenesis(MarkersofProliferation) 252
FunctionofOmega-3FattyAcidsintheBrain 206
DevelopmentalNeurogenesis 253
SourcesofOmegaFattyAcids 208
AdultHippocampalNeurogenesis 254
OmegaFattyAcidMetabolism 208
References 259
PathologicalBrainAging 209
ProtectiveEffectofOmega-3FattyAcidsagainstDementia 212
Conclusion 213
22. Imaging Brain DHA Metabolism in Vivo,
References 213
in Animals, and Humans
FurtherReading 219
STANLEYI.RAPOPORTANDAMEERTAHA
Introduction 265
18. Cerebrovascular Changes: The Role
QuantitativeImagingofBrainDHAMetabolisminRodents 265
of Fat and Obesity
SummaryandConclusions 272
LINNEAR.FREEMAN Acknowledgments 273
References 273
Introduction 221
VascularizationoftheBrain 221
EffectsofaHighFatDietandObesityonOverallHealth 23. Obesity and Migraine in Children
andProposedMechanisms 222
PASQUALEPARISI,ALBERTOVERROTTI,MARIACHIARAPAOLINO,
Conclusion 226 ALESSANDROFERRETTIANDFABIANADISABATINO
References 227
Introduction 277
EpidemiologicalRelationshipBetweenMigraineandObesity 277
19. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids ProposedMechanismfortheRelationshipBetweenObesity
on Alzheimer’s Disease andMigraine 279
InfluenceofWeightLossonChronicHeadacheinObesePeople
GAURAVPAULANDRONALDROSSWATSON andEffectsofthePreventiveTreatmentofMigraineon
WeightChange 281
Introduction 231
Conclusions 283
Alzheimer’sDisease 231
References 283
Omega-3FattyAcid:aRoleinAlzheimer’sDisease? 232
References 235
24. Dietary Omega-3 Sources during Pregnancy and
the Developing Brain: Lessons from Studies in Rats
20. Substantia Nigra Modulation by
Essential Fatty Acids CAROLINEE.CHILDSANDPHILIPC.CALDER
BELMIRALARADASILVEIRAANDRADEDACOSTA, Introduction 287
PRISCILAPEREIRAPASSOS,HENRIQUETADIASCARDOSO, ALASupplementationandBrainFattyAcidComposition 288
CATARINAGONC¸ALVES-PIMENTEL,ERALDOFONSECADOS
Long-chainOmega-3PUFASupplementation
SANTOSJUNIOR,JULIANAMARIACARRAZZONE
BORBAANDRUBEMCARLOSARAU´JOGUEDES andBrainFattyAcidComposition 291
DirectComparisonofALAandLong-chainOmega-3PUFA
ImportanceofEssentialFattyAcidsasNeuroprotectorsDuring SupplementationonBrainFattyAcidComposition 297
BrainDevelopmentandAging 237 Conclusions 297
SubstantiaNigraVulnerabilitytoNeurodegeneration 238 References 301
viii
CONTENTS
25. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Behavior 29. Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Aggression
GRACEE.GILES,CAROLINER.MAHONEYANDROBINB.KANAREK KEIHAMAZAKI,TOMOHITOHAMAZAKIANDHIDEKUNIINADERA
Introduction 303 Introduction 359
EpidemiologicalStudies:TheAssociationBetween FirstTrialofOmega-3PUFAsandAggressioninYoung
Omega-3PUFAIntake,Omega-3PUFALevels, Adults 359
andCognitiveDecline 314 Conclusion 362
Conclusion 322 References 364
References 322
30. Multiple Sclerosis: Modification by Fish Oil
26. Lipids and Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Models
GILBERTLUJANRIVERAJR.ANDRONALDROSSWATSON
of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Introduction 367
KYOUNGSANGCHO,SEMINBANGANDAMANDATOH
Overview 367
Introduction 327 CellularLevelofMultipleSclerosis 368
DrosophilaasaModelSystemofNeurodegenerative Omega-3SupplementationofMSPatients 369
Diseases 327 VaryingResultsAmongstResearchers 369
EffectsofLipidsandLipidSignalingonDrosophilaModels Summary 370
ofNeurodegenerativeDiseases 330 Acknowledgement 371
PointstoConsiderWhenDrosophilaModelsareUsed References 371
forStudyingtheRoleofLipids 334
Perspective 334
31. Deuterium Protection of Polyunsaturated
References 335
Fatty Acids against Lipid Peroxidation: A Novel
Approach to Mitigating Mitochondrial
27. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Relation to
Neurological Diseases
Sleep Quality and Depression in Obstructive
MIKHAILS.SHCHEPINOV,VITALYA.ROGINSKY,J.THOMASBRENNA,
Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome
ROBERTJ.MOLINARI,RANDYTO,HUITSUI,CATHERINEF.CLARKE
ANDAMYB.MANNING-BOg˘
CHRISTOPHERPAPANDREOU
Introduction 373
Introduction 337
PUFAsinMitochondrialMembranesandOxidativeStress 373
OSAHS 337
MitochondrialDysfunction,OxidativeStress,andPD 375
Conclusion 345
IsotopeProtectionofPUFASAgainstautoxidation 376
References 345
YeastModelsConfirmtheNon-LinearProtectiveEffect
FurtherReading 347
ofD-PUFAsinvivo 378
IsotopeReinforcementofPUFAinPre-ClinicalPD
28. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Intellectual Disability, Modeling 378
Conclusion 380
Schizophrenia, Depression, Autism, and
References 381
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder
32. Obesity, Cognitive Functioning, and Dementia:
BASANTK.PURIANDDINAGAZIZOVA
A Lifespan Prospective
Introduction 349
MERRILLF.ELIAS,GEORGINAE.CRICHTON
Background 349
ANDAMANDAL.GOODELL
PlasmaLipidsinAdultswithIntellectualDisability
andtheEfficacyofOmega-3FattyAcids 350 Introduction 385
PlasmaLipidsinSchizophreniaandtheEfficacy Weight-RelatedVariablesandDementia 385
ofOmega-3FattyAcids 352 WeightandCognitiveFunction:RoleofCVDFactors 389
PlasmaLipidsinDepressiveIllnessandEfficacy InitialSummary 391
ofOmega-3FattyAcids 353 MetS 391
PlasmaLipidsinAutismandEfficacyofOmega-3 Mechanisms:General 392
FattyAcids 354 EarlyInfluencesonRelationsbetweenObesityand
PlasmaLipidsinADHDandEfficacyofOmega-3 Cognition 393
FattyAcids 355 MorbidObesityandClinicallyImportantCognitiveDeficit 394
Conclusions 355 TreatmentofOverweightandObesity 395
References 356 TreatmentofObesitywithOmega-3FattyAcids 396
ix
CONTENTS
Omega-3FattyAcidMechanismsfor GeneralDiscussion 440
ReducingWeightLoss 397 References 441
Methodologies:GeneralIssues 397
FinalSummaryandConclusions 398
References 399 36. Fish Oil Supplements, Contaminants,
and Excessive Doses
33. Dairy Products and Cognitive Functions NICOLEBURCAANDRONALDROSSWATSON
GEORGINAE.CRICHTONANDMERRILLF.ELIAS Introduction 447
Mercury 447
Introduction 403
Lead 449
ReviewoftheLiterature 403 Selenium 449
EarlyCross-SectionalandProspectiveResearchFindings
Arsenic 450
inAssociationsbetweenDairyandCognition 405
Cadmium 451
Discussion 410
PCBs 451
Summary 413 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 452
DirectionsforFutureResearch 413
Dieldrin 452
References 413
Conclusion 453
FurtherReading 427 Acknowledgment 453
References 453
34. Obesity and Chronic Low Back Pain:
A Kinematic Approach 37. Introduction to Fish Oil Oxidation, Oxidation
VERONICACIMOLIN,LUCAVISMARA,MANUELAGALLI, Prevention, and Oxidation Correction
NICOLACAUANDPAOLOCAPODAGLIO
PETERLEMBKEANDANETTSCHUBERT
Introduction 417
Introduction 455
QuantitativeMovementAnalysis 418
OxidationProcess 455
Conclusions 425
OxidationIndicators 455
References 425
OxidationCorrection 458
Summary 459
References 459
35. Fatty Acids and the Hippocampus
FurtherReading 460
HEATHERM.FRANCISANDRICHARDSTEVENSON
Introduction 429
FattyAcidsandMemory/Hippocampus 429 Index 461
FattyAcidsandAD 435