Table Of ContentMitt.Münch. Ent.Ges.
Fig. 1: Chalepogenus luciane. A: posterior view of right leg. B: margin of the oil-collector.
and setal pads of finely branched hairs, furthermore scraping structures formed by specialized setae are
also present. In several genera the front tarsus has rows or areas of flattened, apically curved setae.
Strikingly specialized setae are present on the midleg oil-collectors of Tapinotaspis, and on the metasomal
sternal fringes of Tapinotaspoides.
The study of oil-collecting structures was pioneered by Vogel (1974) in his broad-scope study of oil
flowers and their bees. He described oil-collecting structures for the two genera of Centridini, and for
species from threegeneraofTapinotaspidini (then included in Exomalopsini). Thiswork was followedby
an extensive study by Neff & Simfson (1981), which showed the amazing diversity of the oil-collecting
structures present in the Neotropical Apidae. Though they focused theirobservations on the Centridines,
the variability within the Tapinotaspidini was recognized. However, a more detailed study remained to
be undertaken. Studies of oil-collecting structures have been completed for the Palaeotropical Ctenoplec-
trini and the Holarctic Melittidae by Vogel (1986, 1990b).
By surveying the collectionofbees wehaveobtained from oil flowersofseveral plant families, weare
here extending knowledge on the oil-collecting structures of the Tapinotaspidini. In addition, we review
the known oil sources of this group. We hope these data will help better understand the origin and
evolutionoftheTapinotaspidiniand theiroil flowers. Inaddition, itisalsonecessary tointegrateprevious
Information with a new Classification of Tapinotaspidini accomplished by one of us (Roig-Alsina 1997,
1999).
Fig. 2: Chalepogenus rasmusseni. A: posterior view ofthe oil-collectorpäd on the left leg. B: anteriorview ofthe 91
same leg. C: detail of A. D: oil-collector on the meditarsus.
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Fig.3: Chalepogenuscaeruleus. A: posteriorviewoftheoil-collectoron thetibia,basitarsusand meditarsusofthe
left foreleg. B: margin of the oil-collecor.
Material and Methods
We studied females of a total of 17 species from six genera of the tribe Tapinotaspidini: Tapinotaspis,
Tapinotaspoides, Chalepogenus, Lanthanomelissa, Monoeca, and Caenonomada. Not included in the study are
only three genera ofthe tribe: Paratetrapedia, Trigonopedia, and Arhysoceble. The oil-collecting structures of
Arhysoceble have received sufficient attention (Neff & Simpson 1981; Vogel 1974; Vogel & Cocucci 1995).
Namesand voucherspecimensareas follows, thenumberofspeciesknown foreachofthegeneraisgiven
in brackets:
Chalepogenus (21)
1. C. caeruleus (Friese, 1906). Argentina. Rio Negro. El Bolsön. Jan. 1994. Leg. Cocucci & Sersic
2. C. cocuccii Roig-Alsina, 1999. Argentina. Tucumän. Tafi del Valle. Dec. 1989. Leg. Cocucci & Sersic
3. C. herbsti (Friese, 1906). Chile. Pehuelas, Valparaiso. Dec. 1969, Leg. Toro
4. C. luciane (Urban, 1996). Argentina. Cördoba. Santa Maria. Nov. 1987. Leg. Cocucci & Sersic
5. C. muelleri (Friese, 1899). Argentina. Buenos Aires, Delta del Paranä, Dec. 1976.
6. C. nigripes (Friese, 1899). Argentina. Cördoba. Copina. Nov. 1983. Cördoba. Rio Primero. Nov. 1987.
Leg. Cocucci
7. C. parvus Roig-Alsina, 1997. Argentina. Cördoba, San Roque. Nov. 1983. Leg. Cocucci.
8. C. rasmusseni Roig-Alsina, 1999. Peru. Huänuco. Apr. 1983. Leg. Molau.
9. C. ruftpes Roig-Alsina, 1999. Argentina. Tucumän. Tafi del Valle. Febr. 1988. Leg. Cocucci & Sersic.
10. C. vogeli Roig-Alsina, 1999. Argentina. Tucumän. Tafi del Valle. Dec. 1989. Leg. Cocucci & Sersic.
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Fig.4: Chalepogenusparvus. A:posteriorviewofleftforeleg. B:detailofoil-collectorofthesameleg. C:spurson
left hind leg.
Caenonomada (1)
11. C. brunerii Ashmead, 1899. Argentina. Corrientes, Perichön, Mar. 1995. Leg. Cocucci.
Lanthanomelissa (5)
12. L. discrepans Holmberg, 1903. Argentina. Cördoba. Copina. Dec. 1987. Leg. Cocucci & Sersic.
13. L. betinae Urban, 1995. Brasil. Parana. Curitiba. Leg. Bustos-Singer.
Monoecn (6)
14. M. schrotttyi Friese, 1902. Brazil. Parana. Manancias da Serra. nov. 1966.
Tapinotaspis (2)
15. T. chalybaea (Friese, 1899). Argentina. Cördoba. El Cöndor. Jan. 1988. Leg. Cocucci & Sersic.
16. r. latitarsis (Friese, 1899). Argentina. Buenos Aires. Punta Lara.
Tapinotaspoides (4)
17. T. tucumana (Vachal, 1904). Argentina. Tucumän.
Studyofthefinestructureoftheoil-collectingorganswascarriedoutwithaScanningElectronMicroscope
(SEM), CambridgeStereoscan Mark II. Cleaningofthespecimenswasperformed accordingtothemethod
developed by Neff & Simpson (1981) especially for oil-collecting structures. Each entire pinned specimen
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Fig.5: Chalepogenusvogeli. A:oil-collectorontheposteriorsurfaceofrightforeleg. B:stiffandunbranchedsetae
on anterior surface ofthe same leg. C: detail ofdifferent types ofsetae on the oil-collector. D: detail ofC.
was soaked in the solvent series given by Neff & Simpson (1981) and sonicated. After drying at room
temperature the legs were removed and mounted with nail enamel on metal SEM stubs. The mounted
specimens were coated with gold.
ThelengthrelationsofthelegsegmentswereanalyzedinChalepogenuscaeruleus,Ch. luciane,Ch. nigripes,
CJi. parotis, Oi. rufipes, Ol. vogeli, Tapinotaspis clialybaea, and Tapinotaspoides tuciimana. Foroneindividualof
each species the legs ofone side were removed and soaked in EtOH 95 %, cleared with diluted chlorine,
dehydrated in a graded series (50, 95, 100 % EtOH, xylene), and mounted inbaisam. Measurements were
made on drawings obtained witha camera lucida. To make the measurements comparable, lengthsofthe
legs and leg segments are standardized by expressing them as percent of the intertegular distance.
We adopted the descriptive terminology proposed by Neff & Simpson (1981), according to which the
legsareimaginedtobeextendedatrightanglestothebody.Itisthuspossibletoidentifyanterior,posterior,
dorsal and ventral surfaces.
ThecladograminFig. 15wasconstructedbyhandontheassumptionthatChalepogenusismonophyletic
(Roig-Alsina 1997), and taking into account the nested sets of apomorphies listed by Roig-Alsina (1999)
for the several species groups of Oialepogcnu*.
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Fig. 6: Chalepogenus rufipes. A: ventral view of left foretarsus. B: posterior view of the same leg. C: detail
ofB. D: spurs oflefthind leg.
Results
Oil-collectors and oil-collection
Chalepogenus
Location and structure of the oil-collector. The oil-collecting structure is situated mainly on the foreba-
sitarsus,butitmayextend to the meditarsus, particularlyin Ch. luciane (Fig. 1 A) and Ch. rasmusseni(Fig.
2 A & D). MostspeciesofChalepogenus have in addition asmall area with finebranchedhairsontheapex
ofthe tibia, contiguous with the foretarsal päd; this areaisnotablyextended in Ch. caeruleus tonearlyhalf
ofthelengthofthetibia (Fig. 3A). Themeditarsusiscovered, atleastonthetwoproximalsegments, with
fine branched hairs (Fig. 1 A, 2 A & D, 3 A, 5 A & B, 8 A). The oil-collector is normally located on the
posterior surface of the forebasitarsus, but it is slightly rotated to a dorsal position in Ch. rasmusseni (Fig.
2 A & B), and Ch. vogeli (Fig. 5 A & B).
The päd consists, in the middle of the absorbing surface, of densely set, woolly, slender, flexible,
branched setae. This päd is fringed in a comb-like fashion along the dorsal margin by rows of longer,
relatively stiff and unbranched setae. The comb and the päd agree in structure and position with the
Compound comb found in species of Arhysoceble, Trigonopedia and Pamtetrapedia (Neff & Simpson 1981,
Vogel & Cocucci 1995).
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Fig. 7: Chalepogenus nigripes. A: oil-collector on the posterior surface of the right forebasitarsus. B: posteri-
or margin ofthe oil-collector on the left leg. C: spurs oflefthind leg.
Fig. 8: Chalepogenus herbsti: A: oil-collector on the posterior surface of the foreleg. B: detail of the oil-collector.
C: basitarsus of left midleg. D: spurs of lefthind leg.
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Foifg.oi9l:-cAol,lBe,ctDor,Fo:nLatnhtehbaansoimtealrissussa.diFs:crseppuarnss.ofA:loeiftlhind leg. Cn,tEh,epGo:stLe.ribeotrinsauer.faCc:eoafntleerftiofrorvelieegw. oBfaonild-cDo:lldeecttaoirl.
E: detail ofshorthairs in C. G: margin of the oil•collector.
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