OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance

280 Pages·2006·1.28 MB·English

OIE I S
nternational tandards
A R
on ntimicrobial esistance,
2003
OIE Headquarters, Paris, 2 to 4 October 2001
OIE publication with the participation of the
OIE Collaborative Centre on Veterinary Medicinal
Products, Fougères
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© Copyright
OIE (World organisation for animal health), 2003
(reprinted in April and November 2004)
12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France
Tel.: [phone]
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ISBN 92-9044-601-3
Cover photograph: © Claire Gaudot, AFSSA, Fougères
Contents
C
ontents

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1
OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial
Resistance
Terrestrial Animal Health Code
Guidelines for the harmonisation of antimicrobial resistance surveillance
and monitoring programmes ..................................................................................................5
Guidelines for the monitoring of the quantities of antimicrobials used in
animal husbandry.....................................................................................................................13
Guidelines for the responsible and prudent use of antimicrobial agents in
veterinary medicine..................................................................................................................17
Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial
Animals
Laboratory methodologies for bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility testing ................29
Proceedings of the OIE International Conference
1. General aspects
J. Acar & B. Röstel
Antimicrobial resistance: an overview.........................................................................45
J. Threlfall
Antimicrobial drug resistance from salmonellas in humans and
food animals: the current situation in relation to foodborne
zoonoses in the United Kingdom................................................................................69
S. Benredjeb & A. Hammami
Resistance in salmonellae: the situation in developing countries.................................71
J.-L. Martel
Resistant bacteria and their impact on therapy in veterinary
medicine...........................................................................................................................72
P. Nordmann
New resistance mechanisms – review of the diversity..............................................73
OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2003 III
Contents
M.H. Nicolas-Chanoine & S. Granier
Possibilities of characterising resistance genes for use as an
epidemiological tool.......................................................................................................74
O. Fortineau
The perception of veterinary practitioner with regard to the
contribution of the use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry to
the problems of human health associated with resistant bacteria...........................79
O.G. Pedersen
The pig producer’s position as herd manager following the
cessation of the use of antibiotic growth promoters in Denmark..........................80
B. Andrews
Antimicrobial use in animal husbandry and its relationship to
resistant bacteria in human health................................................................................85
S. Sirinavin
Perception of society with regard to the contribution of the use
of antimicrobials in animal husbandry to the problems of human
health associated with resistant bacteria: the situation in
developing countries........................................................................................................89
L.Y Lefferts
A consumer perspective: to what extent does antimicrobial use
in animal husbandry contribute to resistance associated human
health problems?.............................................................................................................90
Y. Cheneau
Activities of the Food and Agriculture Organization in relation
to antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals...................................................95
R. Williams
The activities of the World Health Organization in antimicrobial
resistance..........................................................................................................................99
A. Bruno
Codex activities in relation to antimicrobial resistance...........................................100
2. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption
†T. Nicholls, J. Acar, F. Anthony, A. Franklin, R. Gupta, Y. Tamura,
S. Thompson, E.J. Threlfall, D. Vose, M. van Vuuren, D.G. White,
H.C. Wegener & M.L. Costarrica
Antimicrobial resistance: monitoring the quantities of antimicrobials
used in animal husbandry............................................................................................109
G. Moulin
Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption activities in France............................118
IV OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2003
Contents
D.L. Monnet, F. Bager & L. Larsen
Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Denmark........................................122
J.J. Webber
Antimicrobial resistance: monitoring the quantity of antimicrobials
used in animal husbandry............................................................................................123
T. Mudd
The global usage of antimicrobials for animals health............................................128
3. Risk analysis
D. Vose, J. Acar, F. Anthony, A. Franklin, R. Gupta, †T. Nicholls, Y.
Tamura, S. Thompson, E.J. Threlfall, M. van Vuuren, D.G. White,
H.C. Wegener & M.L. Costarrica
Antimicrobial resistance: risk analysis methodology for the potential
impact on public health of antimicrobial resistant bacteria of animal
origin...............................................................................................................................133
M. Wooldridge
Risk assessment techniques – and antibiotic resistance..........................................162
L. Tollefson
Impact of resistant campylobacteriosis in humans due to
fluoroquinolone use in chickens.................................................................................170
M. van Vuuren
Antimicrobial resistance and risk analysis: the view of a developing
country............................................................................................................................174
L.A. Cox
Campylobacter risk analysis: a cause-and-effect view.................................................177
4. Surveillance of resistance programme
A. Franklin, J. Acar, F. Anthony, R. Gupta, †T. Nicholls, Y. Tamura,
S. Thompson, E.J. Threlfall, D. Vose, M. van Vuuren, D.G. White,
H.C. Wegener & M.L. Costarrica
Antimicrobial resistance: harmonisation of national antimicrobial
resistance monitoring and surveillance programmes in animals and in
animal-derived food......................................................................................................181
P.J. Fedorka-Cray, M.L. Headrick & L. Tollefson
The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS)..............200
V. Jarlier
Surveillance of resistance – human/animal coordinated approaches in
France ............................................................................................................................205
OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2003 V
Contents
Y. Tamura
The Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System
(JVARM)........................................................................................................................206
T.T.T. Phuong
Cases of antimicrobial resistance to some pathogens in Vietnam........................211
S. Kariuki, G. Revathi & C.A. Hart
Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Kenya: achievements and
challenges.......................................................................................................................216
5. Laboratory methods
D.G. White, J. Acar, F. Anthony, A. Franklin, R. Gupta, †T. Nicholls,
Y. Tamura, S. Thompson, E.J. Threlfall, D. Vose, M. van Vuuren,
H.C. Wegener & M.L. Costarrica
Antimicrobial resistance: standardisation and harmonisation of
laboratory methodologies for the detection and quantification of
antimicrobial resistance................................................................................................223
I. Phillips
Standardisation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Europe: the
work of the European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Testing (EUCAST).......................................................................................................239
T.R. Shryock
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: a perspective
on antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods.......................................................243
I.S.T. Fisher, O.N. Gill, W.J. Reilly, H.R. Smith & E.J. Threlfall
Harmonisation of antimicrobial resistance testing results – the outcome
of the international Enter-net study..........................................................................245
6. Prudent use and containment of resistance
F. Anthony, J. Acar, A. Franklin, R. Gupta, †T. Nicholls, Y. Tamura,
S. Thompson, E.J. Threlfall, D. Vose, M. van Vuuren & D.G. White
Antimicrobial resistance: responsible and prudent use of antimicrobial
agents in veterinary medicine......................................................................................249
D.L. Smith & J.A. Johnson
Antibiotic use in animals and the emergence of antibiotic resistance in
human commensal microbes and zoonotic pathogens...........................................267
I.M. Gould
Prudent use of antibiotics and containment of antimicrobial resistance:
the role of medical associations, guidelines and interventions..............................273
VI OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2003
Contents
J. Edwards
Prudent use of antibiotics and containment of antimicrobial resistance.............276
B. Jennings
Prudent use and containment of antimicrobial resistance – the work of
the responsible use of medicines in agriculture alliance.........................................279
D.K. Byarugaba
Prudent use and containment of antimicrobial resistance in developing
countries.........................................................................................................................280
Web links...............................................................................................................................285

OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2003 VII
Introduction
I
ntroduction
The increasing antimicrobial resistance of important human pathogenic bacteria, and
the spread of such bacteria from the closed environment of hospitals into surrounding
communities, are increasingly perceived as threats to public health. Any use of
antimicrobials, whether in humans, animals, plants or food-processing, may lead to
bacterial resistance. The use of antimicrobials in livestock production is thought to
significantly contribute to the phenomenon, but little is known about the true causes
of antimicrobial resistance. The lack of relevant scientific data means that risk
managers must take precautionary measures, even though the underlying causes of
public health risks associated with resistant bacteria may not have been adequately
identified.
Increasing international travel and international trade in animals and animal products
may spread resistance world-wide.
The OIE (World organisation for animal health) is developing international standards
on antimicrobial resistance to enable Member Countries to protect themselves,
without setting up unjustified sanitary barriers. These standards are consistent with the
OIE’s missions to:
• guarantee the safety of world trade by developing sanitary rules for international
trade in animals and animal products,
• inform governments on the existence and evolution of animal diseases and
zoonoses including their control measures,
• coordinate, at the international level, studies and investigations on surveillance and
control of animal diseases and zoonoses.
The main normative works produced by the OIE are: the Terrestrial Animal Health
Code, the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, the Aquatic Animal
Health Code and the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Aquatic Animals.
The OIE normative works are recognised by the World Trade Organization (WTO)
as international sanitary standards. They are developed by elected Specialist
Commissions and Working Groups which bring together internationally renowned
scientists, most of whom are experts within the network of 156 Collaborating Centres
and Reference Laboratories which also contribute to the scientific objectives of the
OIE. Specific recommendations were elaborated in five subject areas1 by the ‘OIE ad

1 1. Risk analysis and antimicrobial resistance, 2. Prudent use and containment of antimicrobial
resistance, 3. Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in animal husbandry, 4. Resistance surveillance
programmes, 5. Laboratory Methods – Standardisation and Harmonisation
OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2003 1
Introduction
hoc on Antimicrobial Resistance’ created in 1999. The standards proposed to the OIE
International Committee were adopted in May 2003.
Countries which import animals and animal products can now legaly use these
standards to verify whether or not exporting countries are complying with these new
requirements. The second OIE International Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance,
held from 2 to 4 October 2001 at the OIE Headquarters in Paris, was a milestone in
promoting communication between stakeholders from both human and animal
medical fields. This conference reviewed progress achieved since the first OIE
International Conference of March 1999, and in particular, focussed on understanding
the development of antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals, the problems in
human and veterinary medicine and the actions taken for the containment of
resistance. It also provided a public forum for the presentation of the results of two
years’ work by the OIE and the identification of potential future actions by the OIE.
The present publication offers, in the first section, the OIE International Standards on
Antimicrobial Resistance as adopted by the OIE International Committee in May
2003, and published in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 2003 and in the Manual
of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. The second section
contains the Proceedings of the 2nd OIE International Conference where the reports
of the OIE ad hoc group on Antimicrobial Resistance were discussed publicly.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr Jean Blancou, Director General of the OIE
(1990-2000) and Dr Jacques Boisseau, Director of the OIE Collaborating Centre for
Veterinary Medicinal Products2, for initiating this important scientific activity of the
OIE. Furthermore, my particular appreciation goes to the OIE ad hoc group on
Antimicrobial Resistance, to its Chairman Prof. Jacques Acar and its secretary
Dr Barbara Röstel from the OIE Collaborating Centre for the very efficient
organisation of this conference.
I also would like to thank all national and international experts, who have contributed
so generously and eloquently to the success of this second OIE International
Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance.
Bernard Vallat
Director General

2 Dr Jacques Boisseau retired in March 2002. Dr Patrick Dehaumont has been designated as new
Director of the OIE Collaborating Centre
2 OIE International Standards on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2003