Oh's Intensive Care Manual

1499 Pages·2013·31.04 MB·English

by  Andrew D Bersten

OH’S INTENSIVE CARE MANUAL
SEVENTH EDITION
Content Strategist: Michael Houston
Content Development Specialist: Nani Clansey
Content Coordinator: Sam Crowe, Humayra Rahman
Project Manager: Umarani Natarajan
Design: Miles Hitchen
Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose
Illustrator: Kinesis Illustration
Marketing Manager: Abigail Swartz
Seventh Edition
OH’S INTENSIVE
CARE MANUAL
Edited by
Andrew D Bersten
MB BS MD FCICM
Director, Intensive Care Unit, Flinders Medical Centre
Professor and Head, Department of Critical Care Medicine
Flinders University
Adelaide, SA, Australia
Neil Soni
MB ChB MD FANZCA FRCA FCICM FFICM
Consultant in Intensive Care
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
Honorary Senior Lecturer
Imperial College Medical School
London, United Kingdom
For additional online content visit expertconsult.com
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
First edition 1979
Second edition 1985
Third edition 1990
Fourth edition 1997
Fifth edition 2003
Sixth edition 2009
Seventh edition 2014
The right of Andrew D Bersten and Neil Soni to be identified as authors of this work has been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
ISBN: 978-0-7020-4762-6
Ebook ISBN: 978-1-4557-5013-9
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experi-
ence broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and
duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying
on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine
dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety
precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
The
publisher’s
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxii
Part One – Organisation Aspects
1 Design and organisation of intensive care units 3
Vineet V Sarode and Felicity H Hawker
2 Critical care outreach and rapid response systems 10
John R Welch and Christian P Subbe
3 Severity of illness and likely outcome from critical illness 16
Mark Palazzo
4 Transport of critically ill patients 27
Evan R Everest and Matthew R Hooper
5 Physiotherapy in intensive care 38
Fiona H Moffatt and Mandy O Jones
6 Critical care nursing 47
John R Welch
7 Ethics in intensive care 55
Raymond F Raper and Malcolm M Fisher
8 Common problems after ICU 61
Carl S Waldmann and Evelyn Corner
9 Clinical information systems 69
David Fraenkel
10 Clinical trials in critical care 75
Simon Finfer and Anthony Delaney
11 Palliative care 85
Sarah Cox and Neil Soni
12 ICU and the elderly 90
Richard Keays
13 Health care team in intensive care medicine 98
Gerry O’Callaghan
14 Preparing for examinations in intensive care medicine 107
Carole Foot and Liz Hickson
Part Two – Shock
15 Overview of shock 115
Matthew J Maiden and Sandra L Peake
vi Contents
16 Haemodynamic monitoring 122
David J Sturgess
17 Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 138
Matthew J Maiden and Marriane J Chapman
18 Monitoring oxygenation 146
Thomas J Morgan and Balasubramanian Venkatesh
19 Lactic acidosis 158
D James Cooper, Alisa M Higgins and Alistair D Nichol
Part Three – Acute Coronary Care
20 Acute cardiac syndromes, investigations and interventions 167
Bradley Power
21 Adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation 191
Peter T Morley
22 Management of cardiac arrhythmias 200
Andrew Holt
23 Cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter defibrillators 260
Aaisha Opel and Oliver R Segal
24 Acute heart failure 271
Nicholas Ioannou, Pratik Sinha and David Treacher
25 Valvular and congenital heart disease and bacterial endocarditis 289
Mary White and Susanna Price
26 Intensive care after cardiac surgery 299
Raymond F Raper
27 Echocardiography in the intensive care unit 308
Guido Tavazzi and Susanna Price
Part Four – Respiratory Failure
28 Oxygen therapy 327
Adrian J Wagstaff
29 Airway management and acute airway obstruction 341
Gavin M Joynt and Gordon YS Choi
30 Acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 354
Matthew T Naughton and David V Tuxen
31 Mechanical ventilation 364
Andrew D Bersten
32 Humidification and inhalation therapy 375
Steven T Galluccio and Andrew D Bersten
33 Acute respiratory distress syndrome 382
Andrew D Bersten
34 Pulmonary embolism 392
Andrew R Davies and David V Pilcher
35 Acute severe asthma 401
David V Tuxen and Matthew T Naughton
Contents vii
36 Pneumonia 414
Kai Man Chan and Charles D Gomersall
37 Non-invasive ventilation 429
Graeme J Duke and Andrew D Bersten
38 Respiratory monitoring 436
Andrew D Bersten
39 Imaging the chest 445
Simon PG Padley
40 Ultrasound in the ICU 461
Ubbo F Wiersema
41 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 472
Vincent Pellegrino
41.1 ECMO for respiratory failure 472
41.2 ECMO for cardiac failure 479
Part Five – Gastroenterological Emergencies and Surgery
42 Acute gastrointestinal bleeding 487
Joseph JY Sung
43 Severe acute pancreatitis 495
Duncan LA Wyncoll
44 Liver failure 501
Christopher Willars and Julia Wendon
44.1 Acute hepatic failure 501
44.2 Cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver disease 512
45 Abdominal surgical catastrophes 520
Stephen J Streat
46 Solid tumours and their implications in the ICU 526
Timothy Wigmore and Pascale Gruber
Part Six – Acute Renal Failure
47 Acute kidney injury 535
Rinaldo Bellomo
48 Renal replacement therapy 540
Rinaldo Bellomo
Part Seven – Neurological Disorders
49 Disorders of consciousness 549
Balasubramanian Venkatesh
50 Status epilepticus 560
Helen I Opdam
51 Acute cerebrovascular complications 568
Bernard Riley and Thearina de Beer
viii Contents
52 Cerebral protection 580
Victoria Heaviside and Michelle Hayes
53 Brain death 591
Martin Smith
54 Meningitis and encephalomyelitis 597
Angus M Kennedy
55 Tetanus 607
Jeffrey Lipman
56 Delirium 611
Timothy M Alce, Valerie Page and Marcela P Vizcaychipi
57 Neuromuscular diseases in intensive care 617
George Skowronski and Manoj K Saxena
Part Eight – Endocrine Disorders
58 Diabetic emergencies 629
Richard Keays
59 Diabetes insipidus and other polyuric syndromes 637
Alastair C Carr
60 Thyroid emergencies 652
Jonathan M Handy and Alexander M Man Ying Li
61 Adrenocortical insufficiency in critical illness 660
Balasubramanian Venkatesh and Jeremy Cohen
62 Acute calcium disorders 666
Balasubramanian Venkatesh
Part Nine – Obstetric Emergencies
63 Preeclampsia and eclampsia 677
Wai Ka Ming and Tony Gin
64 General obstetric emergencies 684
Winnie TP Wan and Tony Gin
65 Severe pre-existing disease in pregnancy 692
Jeremy P Campbell and Steve M Yentis
Part Ten – Infections and Immune Disorders
66 Anaphylaxis 699
Malcolm M Fisher
67 Host defence mechanisms and immunodeficiency disorders 703
Steven McGloughlin and Alexander A Padiglione
68 HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 710
Alexander A Padiglione and Steve McGloughlin
69 Severe sepsis 716
A Raffaele De Gaudio
70 Nosocomial infections 724
James Hatcher and Rishi H-P Dhillon
Contents ix
71 Severe soft-tissue infections 733
Ilker Uçkay, Hugo Sax, Pierre Hoffmeyer, Daniel Lew and Didier Pittet
72 Principles of antibiotic use 738
Jeffrey Lipman
73 Tropical diseases 743
Ramachandran Sivakumar and Michael E Pelly
Part Eleven – Severe and Multiple Trauma
74 Severe and multiple trauma 755
James A Judson and Li C Hsee
75 Severe head injuries 762
John A Myburgh and Manoj K Saxena
76 Faciomaxillary and upper-airway injuries 777
Cyrus Edibam and Hayley Robinson
77 Chest injuries 784
Ubbo F Wiersema
78 Spinal injuries 795
Sumesh Arora and Oliver J Flower
79 Abdominal and pelvic injuries 807
Colin McArthur and Pieter HW Lubbert
Part Twelve – Environmental Injuries
80 Submersion 817
Cyrus Edibam and Tim Bowles
81 Burns 821
David P Mackie and Jacqueline EHM Vet
82 Thermal disorders 829
Stephen W Lam and Richard Strickland
83 Electrical safety and injuries 844
Lester AH Critchley
84 Envenomation 851
James Tibballs
85 Ballistic injury 861
Michael C Reade and Peter D (Toby) Thomas
86 Background information on ‘biochemical terrorism’ 871
Munita Grover and Michael Pelly
Part Thirteen – Pharmacologic Considerations
87 Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug monitoring in critical illness 881
Christine Chung
88 Management of acute poisoning 892
David M Wood and Duncan LA Wyncoll
89 Sedation and pain management in intensive care 903
Luke E Torre