Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production

649 Pages·2017·89.68 MB·English

by  Laik

Offshore Petroleum
Drilling and Production
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Offshore Petroleum
Drilling and Production
Sukumar Laik
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Laik, Sukumar, author.
Title: Offshore petroleum drilling and production / Sukumar Laik.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F
Informa, plc, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017038200| ISBN 9781498706124 (hardback : acid-free paper)
| ISBN 9781315157177 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Offshore oil well drilling.
Classification: LCC TN871.3 .L285 2018 | DDC 622/.33819--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017038200
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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Dedicated to my wife, Jayanti, for her constant
support, cooperation and tolerance.
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Contents
Preface .....................................................................................................................xv
Author ...................................................................................................................xix
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Historical Background .........................................................................1
1.1.1 Era of Surface Oil and Gas Shows .........................................1
1.1.2 Onshore Oil and Gas Industry ..............................................3
1.1.3 Offshore Oil and Gas Industry ..............................................7
1.1.4 Genesis of ‘Offshore’ .............................................................10
1.2 Background of Geology and Reservoir of Oil and Gas .................15
1.2.1 Geology of Rocks ...................................................................15
1.2.2 Theory of Origin of Oil and Gas ..........................................17
1.2.2.1 Inorganic Theory ....................................................18
1.2.2.2 Organic Theory.......................................................19
1.2.2.3 Criteria and Mechanism for Generation
of Petroleum ............................................................21
1.2.3 Migration of Oil and Gas ......................................................23
1.2.3.1 Primary Migration .................................................24
1.2.3.2 Secondary Migration .............................................25
1.2.4 Structure for Accumulation of Oil and Gas .......................25
1.2.5 Reservoir Types and Drives .................................................34
1.2.5.1 Reservoir ..................................................................34
1.2.5.2 Reservoir Characterisation ...................................35
1.2.5.3 Types of Reservoirs ................................................44
1.2.5.4 Reservoir Drives .....................................................47
1.2.6 Oil and Gas Reserve Estimation ..........................................55
1.2.6.1 Reserve .....................................................................55
1.2.6.2 Reserve Estimation.................................................58
1.3 Offshore Oil and Gas Operations .....................................................70
1.3.1 Exploration ..............................................................................70
1.3.1.1 Geological Method .................................................70
1.3.1.2 Geophysical Method ..............................................71
1.3.1.3 Geochemical Method .............................................75
1.3.2 Drilling ....................................................................................76
1.3.2.1 Exploratory Drilling ...............................................76
1.3.2.2 Development Drilling ............................................76
1.3.3 Production ...............................................................................77
1.3.4 Transportation ........................................................................78
Bibliography ...................................................................................................78
vii
viii Contents
2. Ocean Environment/Sea States ..................................................................81
2.1 Meteorology .........................................................................................81
2.1.1 Atmosphere ............................................................................82
2.1.2 Wind ........................................................................................83
2.1.3 Weather Phenomenon ...........................................................85
2.1.4 Cloud .......................................................................................92
2.2 Oceanography ......................................................................................94
2.2.1 Wave .........................................................................................94
2.2.1.1 Wave Description ...................................................95
2.2.2 Current ....................................................................................97
2.2.3 Tides .........................................................................................99
2.2.4 Sea Ice ....................................................................................101
2.2.4.1 Types of Sea Ice .....................................................101
2.3 Sea Bed Soil ........................................................................................102
Bibliography .................................................................................................106
3. Offshore Drilling and Production Platforms/Units ............................107
3.1 Fixed Platforms..................................................................................107
3.1.1 Jacketed Platform .................................................................108
3.1.1.1 Well-Protector Platforms .....................................112
3.1.1.2 Tender Platform ....................................................114
3.1.1.3 Self-Contained Template Platform .....................114
3.1.1.4 Self-Contained Tower Platform ..........................121
3.1.2 Gravity Platform ..................................................................123
3.1.2.1 Condeep Platform ................................................123
3.1.2.2 Andoc and Sea Tank Platform ............................131
3.1.2.3 CG Doris Platform ................................................131
3.1.2.4 Installation of Gravity Platform .........................133
3.2 Compliant Platforms.........................................................................136
3.2.1 Compliant Tower ..................................................................136
3.2.1.1 Installation of Compliant Tower ........................138
3.2.2 Guyed Tower.........................................................................139
3.2.3 Tension Leg Platform...........................................................140
3.2.3.1 Installation of TLP ................................................143
3.3 Mobile Units .......................................................................................145
3.3.1 Bottom-Supported Unit .......................................................147
3.3.1.1 Submersible ...........................................................147
3.3.1.2 Jack-Up ...................................................................147
3.3.2 Floating Units .......................................................................155
3.3.2.1 Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) ...........156
3.3.2.2 Floating Production Unit.....................................159
3.3.3 Buoyancy and Stability .......................................................169
3.3.3.1 Theory and Analysis ............................................169
3.3.3.2 Conditions of Stability .........................................179
Contents ix
3.3.3.3 Static versus Dynamic Stability .........................182
3.3.3.4 Other Stability Considerations ...........................183
3.3.4 Station Keeping ....................................................................184
3.3.4.1 Conventional Mooring System ...........................187
3.3.4.2 Turret Mooring .....................................................207
3.3.4.3 Dynamic Positioning System ..............................209
Bibliography .................................................................................................221
4. Offshore Drilling .......................................................................................223
4.1 Outline of Normal Drilling Operation ..........................................223
4.1.1 Rotary Drilling Rig Operation and Its Components ......223
4.1.1.1 Hoisting .................................................................223
4.1.1.2 Rotation ..................................................................232
4.1.1.3 Circulation .............................................................242
4.1.2 Types of Configuration of Wells and Drilling Methods ...247
4.1.2.1 Vertical and Directional Drilling .......................248
4.1.2.2 Horizontal, Multilateral and Extended
Reach Well .............................................................258
4.1.2.3 Underbalanced, Managed Pressure,
and Dual Gradient Drilling ................................261
4.1.3 Geochemical Aspects of Drilling through Salt
to Sub-Salt and Pre-Salt Layers ..........................................272
4.1.3.1 Drilling Challenges ..............................................273
4.1.3.2 Mitigating the Challenges Posed by Salt
and Sub-Salt ..........................................................276
4.2 Difference in Spudding from Land Drilling .................................280
4.2.1 Topsides .................................................................................281
4.2.2 Linkage between Topside and Subsea ..............................286
4.2.2.1 Conductor ..............................................................289
4.2.2.2 Drilling Riser ........................................................291
4.2.2.3 Guidance Systems ................................................301
4.2.3 Subsea Drilling Unit ............................................................303
4.2.3.1 Guide Base and Drilling Template ....................303
4.2.3.2 Subsea Wellhead ...................................................310
4.2.3.3 Subsea Blowout Preventer (BOP) .......................315
4.2.4 Heave Compensator and Bumper Sub ..............................319
4.2.4.1 Heave Compensator .............................................320
4.2.4.2 Bumper Sub ...........................................................323
4.3 Procedure of Offshore Drilling .......................................................323
4.3.1 Drilling from a Jack-Up .......................................................324
4.3.2 Drilling from a Floating Unit .............................................329
Bibliography .................................................................................................334