Table Of ContentTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
DATE July 18. 19 52
Fox, Frederick fl .2 o > ^ I 2_
f
Autlior Birtli Date
Official Spanish Policy Concerning Elementary Education in the Philippines
Title of Dissertation
from 1863 to 1898, compared v/ith Official American Policy from 1900 to 1935»
Education Ph.D. August,1952
Department or School Degree Convocation
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SHORT TITLE' Spanish and American Educational Policy in the Philippines
OVERSIZED SHEETS Q
THE UNIVERSITY OF OHIOAGO
OFFICIAL SPANISH POLICY CONCERNING ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
IN THE PHILIPPINES FROM 1863 TO 1898, COMPARED WITH
OFFICIAL AMERICAN POLICY FROM 1900 TO 1935
. A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
BY
FREDERICK FOX, S. J.
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
AUGUST, 1952
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION 1
The Dissertation Problem 1
Factors Involved in the Establishment and
Maintenance of a Philippine System of Public
Elementary Instruction 10
II. THE SPANISH SOLUTION 42
Early Legislation 42
Steps toward Reorganization 50
III. THE CURRICULUM AND CCUR3E OF STUDIES, 1863-1898 . 59
The Organic Decree of 1863 59
Composition and Length of the Program of
Studies 62
The Medium of Instruction .67
The Daily Schedule 73
Holidays and Vacations 73
Textbooks 75
Pupil-Teacher Ratio 77
IV. TEACHER TRAINING, 1863-1898 82
The Normal School Idea 82
The Men's Normal School 84
The First Women's Normal School 100
The Women's Higher Elementary Normal School . 110
V. THE UNIVERSALITY OF PUBLIC ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION
1863-1898 117
The Attendance Plan 117
The Attendance Record 124
Number of Schools 135
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued
Chapter Page
VI. FINANCING PUBLIC ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, 1863-1898. 144
The Problem 144
Salaries, Cost of Living, and Tuition .... 145
Elementary Education and Insular Finance . . . 150
Provincial Finance and Public Elementary
Education 157
Municipal Finance and Public Elementary
Education 162
Part II. The American Era, 1900-1935
VII. FACTORS INFLUENCING PUBLIC ELEMENTARY EDUCATIONAL
POLICY, 1900-1935 176
Transfer of Sovereignty 176
Bases of American Educational Policy 182
Population 184
Economic Conditions 191
The Factor of Religion 198
The Political Factor 200
VIII. THE CURRICULUM AND PROGRAM OF STUDIES, 1900-1935. 209
The Basic American Policy Pattern 209
The American Curriculum 216
Various Time Schedules 232
Textbooks 234
IX. TEACHER TRAINING, 1900-1935 237
Early Years 237
The Philippine Normal School 241
The Intermediate Normal Course 252
The High School Normal Course 254
The Provincial Normal Schools 258
The College of Education, the University of
the Philippines 260
The Educational and Professional Attainments
of Filipino Public School Teachers 263
X. THE UNIVERSALITY OF PUBLIC ELEMENTARY EDUCATION,
1900-1935 269
The Problem 269
Universal Public Elementary Instruction . . . 271
Enrollment and Attendance 276
Student Body Distribution 280
Schools 288
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued
Chapter Page
XI. FINANCING PUBLIC ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, 1900-1935. 295
The Problem 295
Insular Finance and Elementary Education . . . 305
Provincial Finance and Public Education . . . 314
Municipal Finance and Public Education .... 319
XII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 337
The Programs of Study 338
Teacher Training 341
Universality 343
School Finance 347
APPENDIX 353
BIBLIOGRAPHY 358
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Population Composition, 1870 17
2. Filipino Language Divisions, 1868 18
3. Proportion of the Population in Each Group
of Barrios 21
4. Population by Barrio in the Municipality of
Vigan, Iloous Sur, 1903 22
5. Foreign Trade of the Philippines, 1865-1894 .... 24
6. Curriculum of the Men's Normal School, 1866-1893 . . 87
7. Program of Studies at the Men's Normal School, 1895. 95
8. French Elementary Normal Sohool Currioulura, 1886 . . 97
9. Registration, Enrollment, and Graduates of Men's
Normal School, Manila, 1868-1895 99
10. Staff and Student Enrollment Record, Colegio de
Santa Isabel de Nueva Carceres, 1870-1896 110
11. Total Population and Sohool-Age Population,
1868-1896 124
12. Number of Publio Elementary Schools and Their
Average Monthly Attendance, 1868 126
13. Number of Elementary Schools and Their Attendance,
1870 128
14. Number of Public Elementary Schools and Their
Average Monthly Attendance, 1876 131
15. Number of Public Elementary Schools and Their
Average Monthly Attendance, 1886 133
16. School-Age Population and Public Elementary Sohool
Attendance, 1868-1897 134
17. Number of Public Elementary Schools, 1868-1897 . . . 141
v
LIST OF TABLES--Continued
Table Page
18. Number of Elementary Schools, Their Average Monthly
Attendance and Payers of Tuition in the Province
of Manila, 1867 149
19. Summary of the Spanish Philippine Insular Budget,
1894-1895 i 155
20. Summary of the Consolidated Provincial Budget for
the Fiscal Year 1878-1879 158
21. Summary of Receipts by Principal Source,
Consolidated Municipal Budget, 1890 163
22. Summary of Expenditures in the Consolidated
Municipal Budget, 1884-1885 164
23. An Itemized Breakdown of the Budget Charge,
Public Instruction, in the Consolidated Municipal
Budget of 1884-1885 165
24. Estimated Rent Expenditures for Educational
Purposes in V rious Budgets, 1871-1896 168
a
25. Expenditures for the Budget Item Public Instruction
and for Educational Rentals in Various Local
Budgets, 1871-1896 171
26. Percentage Distribution of Philippine Regional
Languages, 1903 and 1939 190
27. The Value of Philippine Foreign Trade, 1900-1935 . 194
28. Time Allotment Schedules for the Courses in the
Public Elementary Schools in 1915 220
29. Fourth Grade Daily Time Schedule, 1924 232
30. Number and Percentage of Americans on the
Instructional Staff of the Public School System,
1903-1935 240
31. The Four-Year and Two-Year Programs at the
Philippine Normal School in 1925 248
32. Enrollment and Number of Graduates, Philippine
Normal School, 1903-1935 251
33. Course Time Allotments in the Intermediate Grades:
Normal Program, 1915 253
vi
LIST OF TABLES—Continued
Table Page
34. Educational Attainments of Filipino Public School
TeaoherB, 1910-1935 265
35. Total Population and the School-Age Population,
1903-1935 . . ' 270
36. Public Elementary School Enrollment, Attendance,
and Percentage of Enrollment in Attendance,
1903-1935 278
37. Ratio of Elementary-School-Age Population to Public
Elementary School Attendance, 1903-1935 280
38. Percentage Distribution of Public Elementary
School Attendance in the Primary and Intermediate
Grades, Respectively, 1903-1935 281
39. Percentage Distribution of the Public Elementary
School Attendance by Sex, 1906-1935 284
40. Percentage Distribution of Intermediate Enrollment
by Course, 1915-1935 285
41. Pupil-Teacher Ratios in the Public Elementary
Schools, 1903-1935 287
42. Number of Public Elementary Schools, Teachers per
School, and Pupils Enrolled per School, 1903-1935. 290
43. Sample Daily Wages, 1903-1918 296
44. Average Monthly Salaries of Filipino Public
Municipal School Teachers, 1902-1935 302
45. Consolidated Budget Statement of the Central
Government in the Fiscal Year 1930 306
46. The Amounts and Percentage Distribution of the
Major Sources of Insular Receipts in the Fiscal
Year 1930 308
47. Statement of Appropriations for the Bureau of
Education in the Fiscal Year 1930 311
48. Total Insular Expenditures and Insular Expenditures
for Public Education, 1906-1935 313
49. Consolidated Budget Statement of the Provincial
Governments of the Philippine Islands for the
Fiscal Year 1930 315
vii
LIST OF TABLES—Continued
Table Page
50. Amounts and Percentage Distribution of Expendi
tures by Object for Public Education in the
Provincial Oonsolidated Budget in the Fiscal
Year 1930 317
51. Total Expenditures and Expenditures for Public
Education in the Provincial Consolidated Budgets,
1906-1934 319
52. Oonsolidated Budget Statement of the Municipal
Governments of the Philippine Islands for the
Fiscal Year 1930 323
53. Amounts and Percentage Distribution of the Major
Types of Receipts Sources in the Oonsolidated
Municipal Budget of the Fiscal Year 1930 325
54. Amounts Allocated for Public Education in the
Municipal Consolida.ted Budget for 1930, Arranged
according to Character of Expenditure 326
55. Total Expenditures a.nd Expenditures for Public
Education in the Consolidated Municipal Budgets,
1906-1935 ' 329
56. Percentage Distribution of the Financial Burden of
Public Education among the Three Governmental
Levels, 1906-1934 331
57. The Per Capita Tax and the Per Pupil Expenditure,
1910-1935 334
viii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1. Map of the Philippine Islands 13
2. Organization Chart of the Spanish Philippine
Government, 1863-1898 32
3. Map of the Municipality and School District of
Lingayen, 1903 137
4. Groundplan Map of Manila, 1870 140
5. Summary of Expenditures in the Fondos Locales
Budget of 1895-1896 169
6. Amounts Allotted for Certain Current Expenses of
the Public School System in Various Provincial,
Municipal, and Fondos Locales Budgets, 1871-1896 . 173
7. Population Density Map of the Philippines in 1939. 187
8. Number of Poblaciones and Barrios, by Size of
Population, 1939 189
9. Trends in the Value of Philippine Foreign
Trade, 1865-1935 196
10. Organization Chart of the American Philippine
Government, 1932 205
11. Distribution of Philippine Public Sohool Buildings
by Type, 1935 292
12. The Professional Attainments of Filipino Municipal
School Teachers, 1935 292
13. Revenue Collecting Agencies and Revenue Spending
Agencies for All Units of Government in the Phil
ippines, 1923 327
14. Percentage of the School-Age Population in
Attendance at Philippine Public Elementary Schools
at Various Annual Intervals, 1868-1935 346
15. Philippine Literacy in 1903 and in 1939 349
ix
