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PREFACE
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:18) (cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:17)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:5)(cid:7)-region
was requested by the Ministry of Regional Development of the Czech Republic
out of concern to better understand the linkages between local, regional and
national issues in this time of transition [DT/TDPC/RUR(2002)9]. This review
investigates the issues at stake in the development of these voluntary entities,
that can be characterised as main partners for regions, although they do not
correspond to an administrative level. The findings and recommendations of
this report apply to the more than 200 such groupings now existing in that
country, in a trend coherent with initiatives in other countries concerning local
governance, social cohesion and economic development. With a focus on
sustainability, the analysis, general conclusions and proposals are thus of
interest to many OECD countries pursuing comparable local development
policies based on more effective co-ordination between the national, regional
and micro-territorial levels.
It has appeared useful for this purpose to present a briefer review fully
centred on these preoccupations without offering the same degree of detail than
the initial document. Many charts have been taken out if they do not weigh
directly on findings and recommendations but were only necessary to illustrate
the different steps of this work. Likewise, certain paragraphs have been
simplified if detail appeared to be relevant only for certain Czech readers. On
the other hand supplementary references to other OECD reviews on the
different areas of this report have been added, as compared with those already
mentioned in the initial study.
3
FOREWORD
One of the challenges of globalisation is maintaining a local identity.
Such a goal can be pursued to foster economic development and social cohesion
rather than simply protect a cultural heritage. It is on this strong asset of local
identity that small voluntary groupings of municipalities are emerging in
different countries as the most recent manifestation of efforts to associate local
government and civil society in jointly defined and implemented development
projects. The effective participation of citizens in the shaping and application
of cross sectoral strategies, such as those defined in Agenda 21 programs, is one
of the pre-conditions for sustainable local economic and social development
projects.
An increasing number of countries, particularly within the OECD, are
seeking to encourage new approaches to local economic and social development
based on voluntary associations of municipalities notwithstanding traditional
administrative boundaries. The basis of such new policies is to be found in the
understanding that such bottom-up initiatives correspond to new governance
practices that facilitate the mobilisation of local actors, both public and private,
in view of fostering more sustainable development patterns. These result from
the definition and implementation of projects not only by public organisations
and major private sector leaders but also by a wider spectrum of citizens
representing civil society.
In the Czech Republic, more than 200 voluntary groupings of
municipalities founded on a bottom-up approach have emerged since the
mid-nineties. The legislative framework authorising such initiatives is very
open, with the degree of co-operation between the communes left pretty much
to their initiative. Encouraged by national authorities, seeking to remedy in
particular the inconveniences of municipal fragmentation, these micro-regional
associations appear more and more as the natural partners for the new regions
decided in the year 2000 as one of the important steps towards EU accession.
For this reason, the issues dealt with in this in-depth study of the Moravská
(cid:18) (cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:17)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:5)(cid:7)-region, situated 200 kilometres East of Prague, are to be
considered as typical of those facing other micro-regions in the Czech republic
5
and in other OECD countries. The policy recommendations have been
formulated for that purpose with a view to replicability.
These new trends recognise the importance of local identity in
furthering economic and social development goals. Municipal associations are
thus emerging as micro-regions whereby individual towns of different sizes
decide to co-operate for the common good of their citizens and become
full-fledged local development partners for other levels of government, whether
national or regional. These small entities take their roots in history but with a
view to the future: in a global world, new forms of local initiative and
affirmation follow the logic of decentralisation that has been developing in all
democracies over the last twenty-five years. In transition countries this process
is even more remarkable that it follows closely the return to a pluralistic society
and a market led economy.
In this respect, the OECD territorial review on the micro-region of
(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:18) (cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:17)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:27)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:25)(cid:13)(cid:2)(cid:29)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:31)(cid:19)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:25) (cid:2)(cid:25)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:4)!(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:31)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:4)"(cid:31)(cid:4)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:12)
the Ministry of Regional Development, brings forward major local development
issues and new practices. The recommendations concern in their essence, not
only public organisations and civil society in the Czech Republic but also public
and private actors in other countries where similar efforts are being made.
This review is published under the responsibility of the
Secretary-General.
Bernard HUGONNIER
Director,
OECD Territorial Development Service
6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The elaboration of this report was made possible through the active
participation of different public and private organisations and institutions,
mostly in the Czech Republic, at the national, regional and local levels. A
fruitful dialogue was established in this context with many decision-makers and
in particular with those of the Ministry for Regional Development and the
association of the micro-region. Several field trips permitted meetings with all
segments of civil society. May all those who participated in this effort be
thanked here for their contributions:
Czech Parliament Dipl. Ing. Miroslav BENES
Mgr. Radko MARTINEK
Ministry of Regional Development RNDr. Karel RAB
Miroslav PRIKRYL
RNDr. Jan JERABEK
Jiri DANES
Ing. Daniela ZACHYSTALOVA
Ing. Jiri KUBIS
Mgr. Jana ANTLOVA
JUDr. Jaroslav PETRINA
Ministry of The Interior Jakub ONISKO
Ministry of Industry and Trade Pavel MACHANEK
Ministry of Transport and Communication Jaroslav MARTINEK
(Transport Research Centre Brno) Miroslav CAPKA
Radka PLISKOVA
Czech Delegation to OECD Bohumil DOLEJSI
Czech Delegation to the European Commission Mikaela BRIZOVA
Labour Office Svitavy PaedDr. Zdenek TRNKA
Vladimir NEDVED
Transport Office Svitavy Ing. Kamil HEBELKA
District Office Ministry of Agriculture Bohuslav LAPACEK
Czech Statistical Office Ing. Michaela KHOLOVA
Ing. Jan BROUM
Ing. Jana BONDYOVA
Czech Statistical Office Pardubice Ing. Veronika TICHA
Ing. Pavlina DOBRUSKA
Czech Statistical Office Brno Ing. Veta KONECNA
Pardubice Region (President) Roman LINEK
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University of Pardubice Prof. PhD. Karel LACINA
Ing. Vaclav JEZDIK
Regional Development Agency for Central
Libor HAJEK
Moravia
Ing. Milena RATOCHVILOVA
Frantisek KASTYL
Regional Development Agency for Pardubice Ing. Vladimir NERADILEK
Katerina KOREJTKOVA
Thomas VANICEK
Regional Development Agency for South
Vladimir GASPAR
Moravia
Union of Towns and Communities of the
Vera JECHOVA
Czech Republic
(cid:14)(cid:31)(cid:26)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:6)(cid:30)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:3)#(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:17)(cid:2)$(cid:14)(cid:8)#(cid:7)(cid:5)% Ing. Milos MICKA
Ing. Miroslav NETOLICKY
(cid:14)(cid:31)(cid:26)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:6)(cid:30)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:3)#(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:10)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:2)$(cid:14)(cid:8)#(cid:7)(cid:5)% Petr SPACIL
Czech Tourist Authority RNDr. Jan Srb
Office National du Tourisme Tchèque Paris Katerina BOHMOVA
&(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:24)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:27)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:17) Mgr. Ladislava CSILLAGOVA
CSAD Usti nad Orlici a.s. Mitan KOTOULEK
ORCZ Ing. Vaclav MACAT
Pays de Mayenne Jean THAREAU
Interpreter Yveta JOHANSEN
EXPERTS
Silke BOGER (Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Germany)
Steve JOHNSON (LEEDS Metropolitan University, United Kingdom)
Graham LIGHTFOOT (GLTC, Ireland)
Jean-Claude BONTRON (SEGESA, France)
The report was drafted by Philip Wade, administrator in the Territorial
Reviews and Sustainable Development unit of the Territorial Development
Service headed by Josef Konvitz, with the assistance of Charles-Henri
Di Maria, consultant. It was approved by the Rural Working Party in
January 2002 and subsequently by the Territorial Development Policy
Committee. Besides the present publication in English and French, a Czech
version has been released by the Ministry for Regional Development.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.......................................................................................................3
FOREWORD..................................................................................................5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................7
ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................15
General context of the Review..................................................................15
Local conditions and trends.......................................................................16
Policy Recommendations..........................................................................19
Governance issues.....................................................................................21
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................25
Methodology of the report.........................................................................28
CHAPTER 1 TRENDS AND TERRITORIAL POLICY CHALLENGES IN
RURAL REGIONS.......................................................................................31
Introduction...............................................................................................31
Rural policy issues.....................................................................................32
The diversification of rural economies......................................................39
Sustainability.............................................................................................42
Summary....................................................................................................43
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 1......................................................................45
CHAPTER 2 MACROECONOMIC SITUATION AND SPATIAL
DISPARITIES...............................................................................................47
Introduction...............................................................................................47
Heritage.....................................................................................................49
Social factors.............................................................................................53
Infrastructure.............................................................................................59
The economy.............................................................................................63
Labour markets..........................................................................................70
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Summary....................................................................................................73
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 2......................................................................74
CHAPTER 3 LOCAL GOVERNANCE......................................................79
Introduction...............................................................................................79
Institutional framework.............................................................................80
Organisation and functioning of municipalities in MTJ............................82
Territorial allocation of funds....................................................................88
Summary..................................................................................................103
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 3....................................................................105
CHAPTER 4 TERRITORIAL POLICIES.................................................107
Introduction.............................................................................................107
Policies in transition................................................................................108
Economic development...........................................................................115
Social policies..........................................................................................130
Infrastructure...........................................................................................138
Summary..................................................................................................147
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 4....................................................................149
CHAPTER 5 RECOMMENDATIONS IN KEY SECTORS....................155
Introduction.............................................................................................155
Labour market.........................................................................................156
Entrepreneurship.....................................................................................164
Agriculture and rural development..........................................................167
Tourism and sustainable development....................................................177
Summary..................................................................................................197
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 5....................................................................199
CHAPTER 6 GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PROPOSALS AND SCENARIOS.............................................................203
Introduction.............................................................................................203
Scenarios of development........................................................................219
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 6....................................................................227
CHAPTER 7 CASE STUDIES..................................................................231
Local development in the Annaberger Land, Saxony, Germany.............231
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Divergence and convergence in local development patterns in northern
Mayenne, France.....................................................................................249
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................................................269
INTERNET SITES.....................................................................................273
PARTICIPANTS........................................................................................275
Tables
Table 1. Central place versus network systems.......................................41
Table 2. Structure of land in MTJ micro-region.....................................49
Table 3. MTJ micro region population by education..............................55
Table 4. Employment by economic activity............................................64
Table 5. Crop production in MTJ............................................................65
Table 6. Unemployment in MTJ and Svitavy district.............................71
Table 7. Recent demographic trends in MTJ municipalities...................74
Table 8. Employers of 50 employees and more in MTJ.........................76
Table 9. Unemployment and Vacancies by Occupation April/
May 2001..................................................................................77
Table 10. Communes in the Czech Republic, 1999..................................80
Table 11. Employees in municipalities in the MTJ micro - region..........84
Table 12. Structure of local government budgets Czech Republic,
1995-2000.................................................................................89
Table 13. Selected financial indicators of municipal governments..........89
Table 14. Change of system of local government finances in 1996.........93
Table 15. Municipal expenditures in eight municipalities, 2000..............98
Table 16. Average per capita budget resources and expenditures:
Czech Republic, MTJ year 2000..............................................99
Table 17. Tax revenues in communes in the MTJ micro-region, 2000..100
Table 18. Income from taxes year 2000 and 1999-2000 % variations...101
Table 19. Rural renewal program subsidies in MTJ micro - region.......103
Table 20. Coefficients for redistribution of tax revenues among
municipalities, 2001...............................................................105
Table 21. Measures of the Czech SAPARD programme........................117
Table 22. Other types of SME support in the Czech Republic...............121
Table 23. (cid:29)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:25)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:18) (cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:17)......................127
Table 24. (cid:29)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:8)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:26)(cid:31)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:26)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:18) (cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:17).........128
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