Oecd Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015 Innovation for Growth and Society.

264 Pages·2015·4.479 MB·English

by  OECD

OECD Science, Technology and Industry
Scoreboard 2015
InnOvaTIOn fOr grOwTh anD SOCIETy
OECD Science, Technology
Science, technology and innovation foster competitiveness, productivity and growth. Over 200 indicators in the
OECD Science, Technology and Industry (STI) Scoreboard show how OECD and major non-OECD economies and Industry Scoreboard 2015
are starting to move beyond the crisis, increasingly investing in the future.
The charts and underlying data in the OECD STI Scoreboard 2015 are available for download and selected
indicators contain additional data expanding the time and country coverage of the print edition. InnOvaTIOn fOr grOwTh anD SOCIETy
Contents O
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• Knowledge economies: Trends and features C
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• Investing in knowledge, talent and skills S
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• Connecting to knowledge n
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• Unlocking innovation in firms , T
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• Competing in the global economy c
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• Empowering society with science and technology o
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Thematic briefs and country notes, as well as online tools to visualise indicators are available at the n
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OECD STI Scoreboard webpage (http://www.oecd.org/sti/scoreboard.htm). In
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This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases.
Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information.
ISbn 978-92-64-23977-7
92 2015 03 1 P

OECD Science,
Technology and Industry
Scoreboard
2015
INNOVATION FOR GROWTH AND SOCIETY
ThisworkispublishedundertheresponsibilityoftheSecretary-GeneraloftheOECD.The
opinionsexpressedandargumentsemployedhereindonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficial
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Pleasecitethispublicationas:
OECD(2015),OECDScience,TechnologyandIndustryScoreboard2015:Innovationforgrowthandsociety,
OECDPublishing,Paris.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en
ISBN978-92-64-23977-7(print)
ISBN978-92-64-23978-4(PDF)
ISBN978-92-64-24622-5(HTML)
Series:OECDScience,TechnologyandIndustryScoreboard
ISSN1562-983X(print)
ISSN2072-5345(online)
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FOREWORD
Foreword
T
heOECDScience,TechnologyandIndustryScoreboard2015drawsonthelatestinternationally
comparabledatatouncoverthestrengthsoftheOECDandotherleadingeconomies,andexaminecurrent
challengestoovercomingtheeffectsofrecentfinancialandeconomiccrisesandimprovingthewell-being
ofsocieties.
It features indicators traditionally used to monitor developments in science, technology,
innovationandindustry,andcomplementsthemwithnewandexperimentalindicatorsthatprovide
newinsightsintoareasofpolicyinterest.
The aim of the STI Scoreboard is not to “rank” countries or develop composite indicators.
Instead,itsobjectiveistoprovidepolicymakersandanalystswiththemeanstocompareeconomies
with others of a similar size or with a similar structure and monitor progress towards desired
nationalorsupranationalpolicygoals.ItdrawsonOECDeffortstobuilddatainfrastructuretolink
actors,outcomesandimpacts,andhighlightsthepotentialandlimitsofcertainmetrics,aswellas
indicatingdirectionsforfurtherwork.
Indicatorsarepointers;theydonotaddresscausalrelationships.Moreover,thevalidityofaset
of indicators depends on its use. The selected indicators have been developed with the following
criteriainmind:
● Indicators should be based on high-quality statistics and robust analytical principles and be
measurableinternationally,overtimeandwithprospectsofimprovement.
● Indicatorsshouldberelevant,particularlyfordecisionmakers.
● Experimental indicators that complement more established ones should bring new perspectives
andadvancethemeasurementagenda.Theyshouldhelptostimulatepolicydebatesanduncover
newdynamics.
The first chapter, Knowledge economies: Trends and features, provides a broad
perspective.Itlooksatinnovation,firmdynamics,productivityandjobsagainstthebackdropofthe
recenteconomiccrisis.Itexploresthenewgeographyofgrowthfromtheperspectivesofglobalvalue
chains, the changing innovation landscape, current features of scientific research, and the
characteristicsofinnovationbeyondformalresearchanddevelopment.
Fivethematicchaptersfocusonkeyareasofpolicyinterest:
● Investing in knowledge, talent and skills examines the knowledge assets that many firms
andgovernmentsviewascurrentandfuturesourcesoflong-termsustainablegrowth.Itprovides
experimental metrics of knowledge-based capital, such as formal and on-the-job training and
organisationalassets,bothintheprivateandpublicsector.Itdevelopsnewindicatorsofresearch
“excellence” pointing to the research performance of countries that follow different paths of
scientificspecialisation,aswellasindicatorsofskillsnecessaryforthenewworkingenvironment
shapedbyICT.
● Connecting to knowledgehelpsinformthepolicydebatewithasetofmetricsonthevariety
and nature of mechanisms for knowledge diffusion. It presents indicators on the international
mobility of highly skilled individuals including students and scientists, the impact of scientific
OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYSCOREBOARD2015©OECD2015 3
FOREWORD
collaboration (based on patent citations), science-technology linkages (based on citations of
non-patent literature in patent documents) and collaboration among firms in innovation
processes. Also included are new indicators on the role of scientific leadership in international
collaborationandopenaccesstopubliclyfundedresearch,basedonanOECDexperimentalsurvey
ofscientists.
● Unlockinginnovationinfirmsexploresthedynamismofthebusinesssectorandframework
conditionscrucialforinnovation.Itexaminesintellectualpropertybundleswithafocusonfirms’
jointuseofpatents,trademarksandindustrialdesignstoprotecttheirinnovations.Newdataon
registered designs provide information on countries’ approaches to protecting creativity and a
novel technique is proposed to help track product areas characterised by emerging creative
activities. New estimates of R&D tax incentives are combined with direct funding of R&D to
provide a more complete picture of government efforts to promote business R&D, while new
indicators based on innovation surveys look at the participation of innovative firms in public
procurementmarkets.Otherindicatorsaddressthebroaderpolicyenvironmentforinnovation.
● Competingintheglobaleconomyinvestigateshowcountriesseektobuildtheircompetitive
strengthsandtheextenttowhicheconomiesaresuccessfulinintegratingandspecialisingalong
global value chains. It assesses indicators on R&D specialisation, technological advantages
andrelative strengths, as well as the characteristics of innovative firms and their use of
newtechnologies in business processes. New indicators building on the OECD Trade inValue
Added(TiVA)Databaseshedlightoneconomies’participationinglobaltradeandvaluechains,
andtheimplicationsofthisparticipationforjobsandconsumerseverywhere.Thegreatersectoral
detail provided by the new TiVA data release also enables analysis of economies’ relative
strengthsinspecificindustryglobalvaluechains.
● Empowering society with science and technology focuses on the extent to which citizens
participate in innovative processes, the degree of sophistication of demand, and readiness to
accept and recognise the potential of science and technology. A set of key indicators examines
individuals’ access to and use of technologies from an early age, the level of sophistication of
users,andtheirrolease-consumersande-citizens.Anothersetofindicatorsexploressupportfor
innovationtotacklegrandchallenges,suchashealthandtheenvironment,inrelationtonational
leadershipinthedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesinthoseareas.Finally,newandexperimental
indicators make use of qualitative surveys to develop indicators of public perceptions of science
andtechnology.
ThemainaudienceoftheSTIScoreboardispolicyanalystswithagoodunderstandingoftheuse
ofindicatorsandthoseengagedinproducingindicatorsforanalyticalorpolicy-makingpurposes.A
fewparagraphsintroduceeachindicatorandoffersomeinterpretation.Accompanyingboxesentitled
“Definitions” and “Measurability” provide detail on the methodologies used and summarise
measurementchallenges,gapsandrecentinitiatives.
AllfiguresandunderlyingdatacanbedownloadedviatheStatLinks(hyperlinktoawebpage).
Additional data that expand the coverage of countries and time periods are available at the same
linksas“more”data.Severalthematicbriefsandcountrynotes,aswellasonlinetoolstovisualise
indicators and help users develop analyses based on their own interests, are available at the
STIScoreboardwebsite(www.oecd.org/sti/scoreboard.htm).
4 OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYSCOREBOARD2015©OECD2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements
T
his volume is the result of a collective effort by the Economic Analysis and
StatisticsDivision (EAS) of the OECD Directorate for Science,Technology and Industry
(DSTI).Thisedition was prepared by Silvia Appelt, Laudeline Auriol, Koen de Backer,
Brigitte van Beuzekom, Brunella Boselli, Frédéric Bourassa, Agnès Cimper,
AlessandraColecchia,ChiaraCriscuolo,TaroDaiko,HélèneDernis,IsabelleDesnoyers-James,
FernandoGalindo-Rueda, Pedro Herrera Gimenez, Peter Horvát, Takashi Inaba,
ElifKöksal-Oudot, Guillaume Kpodar, Marie Le Mouel, Luca Marcolin, Carlo Menon,
ValentineMillot, PierreMontagnier, Laurent Moussiegt, Asako Okamura, Michael Polder,
Vincenzo Spiezia, Mariagrazia Squicciarini, Fabien Verger, Colin Webb, Bo Werth,
KirstenWiebeandNorihikoYamano.
ThecontributionsofMariJibuoftheJapanScienceandTechnologyAgency(JST)and
CouncilofScience,TechnologyandInnovation(CSTI)totheindicatorsbasedonmatched
publicationandpatentdataandtherelatedanalysisaregreatlyappreciated.Theanalysis
ofscienceandtechnologylinksreliesonanalgorithmdevelopedbyThomsonReutersand
Japan’s Science and Technology Agency matching patent and scientific publication
databases.
BrigittevanBeuzekomandElifKöksal-Oudotco-ordinatedtheproductionprocesswith
thesupportofBrunellaBoselli,AgnèsCimper,HélèneDernis,IsabelleDesnoyers-Jamesand
FabienVerger, who acted as team leaders. Catherine Bignon and Marion Barberis provided
secretarialassistance.AlessandraColecchia,DirkPilatandAndrewWyckoffprovidedoverall
guidanceandcomments.
OthersintheOECDmadeavailabletheirrespectiveareasofexpertise:CorinneHeckmann,
SébastienMiroudot,MichaelSharrattandBelenZinni.
The contribution of the SCImago Research Group (CSIC), www.scimago.es, which
provided normalised data and research expertise for bibliometric indicators, and in
particularofFélixdeMoyaAnegón,CarmenLópezIllescas,ZaidaChinchillaRodríguezand
ElenaCoreraÁlvarez,isgratefullyacknowledged.
Someindicatorsinthispublicationuseinformationfromadatasetontheintellectual
property portfolio of top corporate R&D investors worldwide built by the OECD together
with the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre –Institute for Prospective
TechnologicalStudies.
Preliminary results from the Dynemp v.2 project on firm-level dynamics, under the
aegisoftheOECDWorkingPartyonIndustryAnalysis(WPIA),werekindlymadeavailable
by teams in 16countries:Werner Hölzl (Austria –WIFO); Michel Dumont, Chantal Kegels
andHildeSpinnewyn(Belgium–FederalPlanningBureau);CarlosHenriqueLeiteCorseuil
and Gabriel Lopes de Ulyssea (Brazil –IPEA); Dorte Høeg Koch (Denmark –Ministry for
Business and Growth), Mika Maliranta (Finland –ETLA); Adrienn Szép Szöllõsiné,
ErzsébetEperjesi Lindnerné, Gábor Kátay and Péter Harasztosi (Hungary –Central Bank
OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYSCOREBOARD2015©OECD2015 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ofHungary and Central Statistical Office of Hungary); Stefano Costa (Italy –ISTAT);
KyojiFukao and Kenta Ikeuchi (Japan –Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi
University and NISTEP); Leila Peltier-Ben Aoun, Anne Dubrocard and Michel Prombo
(Luxembourg –STATEC); Michael Polder (the Netherlands –CBS); Lynda Sanderson and
Richard Fabling (NewZealand –NewZealandTreasury, Motu Economic and Public Policy
ResearchandStatisticsNewZealand);ArvidRaknerudandDiana-CristinaIancu(Norway
– Statistics Norway and Ministry of Trade and Industry); Valentin Llorente García
(Spain –Spanish Statistical Office); Eva Hagsten (Sweden – Statistics Sweden); and
FaikYücelGünaydın(Turkey–MinistryofScience,IndustryandTechnology).
Last, but not least, the time and help granted by the delegates of the OECDWorking
PartyonNationalExpertsforScienceandTechnologyIndicators(NESTI),theWorkingParty
onIndustryAnalysis(WPIA),andtheWorkingPartyonMeasurementandAnalysisofthe
Digital Economy (WPMADE), as well as the review and assessment of indicators of the
previouseditionbytheirparentCommittees,provedinstrumentalincreatingthecontent
forthisedition.Wearegratefultoallthedelegatesfortheirclosecollaboration.
6 OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYSCOREBOARD2015©OECD2015
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Table of contents
Reader’sguide ............................................................. 11
Executivesummary......................................................... 15
1.Knowledgeeconomies:Trendsandfeatures ................................. 19
Thegrowthandjobschallenge............................................ 20
Thenewgeographyofinnovationandgrowth............................... 42
Scienceandinnovationtoday............................................. 56
Notes.................................................................. 80
References ............................................................. 92
2.Investinginknowledge,talentandskills.................................... 95
1. Investmentinknowledge............................................. 96
2. Highereducationandbasicresearch ................................... 98
3. Scienceandengineering.............................................. 100
4. Doctorateholders.................................................... 102
5. Researchers......................................................... 104
6. Researchexcellence.................................................. 106
7. Organisationalcapital................................................ 108
8. Firm-specifictraining ................................................ 110
9. Publicsectorintangibles.............................................. 112
10. Skillsinthedigitaleconomy .......................................... 114
Notes.................................................................. 116
References ............................................................. 123
3.Connectingtoknowledge ................................................. 125
1. Internationalmobilityofhighlyskilledindividuals....................... 126
2. Scientistsonthemove ............................................... 128
3. Excellenceinscientificcollaboration ................................... 130
4. Openaccesstoresearch .............................................. 132
5. Researchacrossborders .............................................. 134
6. Scienceandtechnologylinks.......................................... 136
7. Inventionsacrossborders............................................. 138
8. Internationalmarketsforknowledge................................... 140
9. Openinnovation..................................................... 142
10. Collaborationoninnovation........................................... 144
Notes.................................................................. 146
References ............................................................. 153
OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYSCOREBOARD2015©OECD2015 7
TABLEOFCONTENTS
4.Unlockinginnovationinfirms ............................................. 155
1. BusinessR&D ....................................................... 156
2. TopR&Dplayers..................................................... 158
3. ICTandinnovation .................................................. 160
4. Mixedmodesofinnovation ........................................... 162
5. New-to-marketinnovation............................................ 164
6. TheIPbundle ....................................................... 166
7. Registereddesigns................................................... 168
8. R&Dtaxincentives................................................... 170
9. Demandandsupportforinnovation ................................... 172
10. Policyenvironmentforinnovation ..................................... 174
Notes.................................................................. 176
References ............................................................. 185
5.Competingintheglobaleconomy.......................................... 187
1. R&Dspecialisation................................................... 188
2. E-businessuptake ................................................... 190
3. Start-updynamics................................................... 192
4. Creativebydesign ................................................... 194
5. Technologicaladvantage.............................................. 196
6. Participationinglobalvaluechains .................................... 198
7. Tradeandjobs....................................................... 200
8. Service-manufacturinglinkages ....................................... 202
9. Industryglobalvaluechains .......................................... 204
10. Globalconsumptionpatterns.......................................... 206
Notes.................................................................. 208
References ............................................................. 213
6.Empoweringsocietywithscienceandtechnology............................ 215
1. Enablingconnectivity ................................................ 216
2. Onlinedevicesandapplications ....................................... 218
3. Digitalnatives....................................................... 220
4. Internetusers....................................................... 222
5. Usersophistication .................................................. 224
6. E-consumersacrossborders........................................... 226
7. E-governmentuse ................................................... 228
8. R&Dforsocialchallenges............................................. 230
9. Enablingtechnologies................................................ 232
10. Publicperceptionsofscienceandtechnology............................ 234
Notes.................................................................. 236
References ............................................................. 246
Datasources............................................................... 249
Listoffigures .............................................................. 252
8 OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYSCOREBOARD2015©OECD2015